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7 protocols using trehalose dihydrate

1

SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection Assay

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Gold nanoparticles with a 60 nm diameter (EMGC60) were purchased from BBI Solutions (Cardiff, UK). Three different recombinants—the S1-mFc recombinant protein (40591-V05H1, Sino Biological, Beijing, China), the S1 + S2 recombinant with His-tag (BSV-CoV-PR-40, BioServ, San Diego, CA, USA), and the RBD recombinant protein with an Fc tag (BSV-CoV-PR-09, BioServ) were purchased. As positive controls for neutralizing antibodies, the sIgA antibody (E-AB-V1027, Elabscience, Houston, TX, USA), IgG antibody (SPD-M180, Acro Biosystems, Tokyo, Japan), and IgG standard in the IgG ELISA kit (290-84201, FUJIFILM Wako, Osaka, Japan) were used. Anti-human IgA (A80-102A) and anti-human IgG (2049-01) were obtained from Bethyl Laboratories (Waltham, MA, USA) and Southern Biotech (Birmingham, AL, USA), respectively. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Polyethylene glycol 20,000 (PEG) was obtained from Fluka. Luminol, trolox, ascorbate, trehalose dihydrate, and Bradford protein assay kits were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako.
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2

Synthesis of Cholesterol-Based Lipid Conjugates

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Cholesteryl (3-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)propyl)carbamate hydroiodide (HAPC-Chol) was synthesized as described previously (13 (link)). N-(2-(2-Hydroxyethylamino)ethyl)cholesteryl- 3-carboxamide (OH-Chol) and cholesteryl (2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethyl)carbamate (OH-C-Chol) were synthesized as described previously (14 (link)). 1,2-Dioleoyl- 3- trimethylammonium-propane methyl sulfate salt (DOTAP) was obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. Dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB, product name: DC-1-18) and 11- ((1,3- bis(dodecanoyloxy)- 2- ((dodecanoyloxy)methyl)propan- 2- yl) amino)- N,N,N- trimethyl-11- oxoundecan-1- aminium bromide (product name: TC-1-12) were obtained from Sogo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.. 1,2-Dioleoyl- sn- glycero- 3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE, COATSOME ME-8181) was obtained from NOF Co., Ltd.. Glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, sucrose, trehalose dihydrate, maltose monohydrate, lactose monohydrate, lactulose, cellobiose, and raffinose pentahydrate were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.. Melezitose was purchased form Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. All other chemicals were of the highest grade available.
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3

AuNPs-based IgA Immunoassay Protocol

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All reagents used were of guaranteed grade and used without further purification. All inorganic salts, 1-Ethyl-3-(3dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide ·HCl (EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), polyethylene glycol (Mw is 20,000), trehalose dihydrate, and pH 7.5 D-PBS (-) were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). AuNPs with diameters of 60 nm were purchased from BBI Solutions (Cardiff, UK). Anti-IgA (α), Human, Goat-Poly, A80-102A, and Purified Human IgA, P80-102 were purchased from Bethyl Laboratory (Montgomery, AL, USA). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was purchased from Jackson Immunoresearch (West Grove, PA, USA). All water used in this study was Milli-Q water (18.3 MΩ cm).
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4

Trehalose Therapy in Myocardial Infarction

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The rats were divided into three groups (n = 8): (1) Sham group; (2) Myocardial Infarction (MI) group, which was subjected to MI surgery by permanent left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) ligation technique; and (3) Trehalose-treated group (MI + TRE), which was subjected to MI surgery at day 0 followed by drinking a 2% solution of trehalose (Trehalose dihydrate, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Japan) in the drinking water (7 (link), 22 (link)). All rats were kept under suitable environmental conditions and housed for four weeks.
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5

Cas12a-based Nucleic Acid Detection

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All nucleic acids used in this work including target dsDNA (tgDNA), crRNA, and FQ reporter were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies (Singapore). The corresponding sequences are listed in Table S1. † NEbuffer r2.1 and Lba Cas12a were bought from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA, USA). Filter papers (Whatman Grade 1 (WF1) and Grade 541 (WF541)) were purchased from GE Healthcare Life Sciences (Marlborough, MA, USA), while Advantec 5C (A5C) was obtained from Toyo Roshi, Co., Ltd (Tokyo, Japan). Bovine serum albumin (BSA), trehalose dihydrate, sucrose, glycine, and dextran (MW: 70 000) were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation (Osaka, Japan). Nuclease-free water was purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan).
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6

Reagent Acquisition for Biochemical Research

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The reagents sucrose, trehalose dihydrate, pyrocatechol, ascorbic acid (reagent grade, respectively), and ammonium sulfate (enzyme refining) were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation (Osaka, Japan). Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) (extra pure grade) was purchased from NACALAI TESQUE, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) (for biochemical research) was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd (Tokyo, Japan).
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7

IgG Purification and Quantification

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Human IgG was obtained from MBL life science (Nagoya, Japan). Sodium lauroyl glutamate was kindly provided by Ajinomoto Co., Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Arginine hydrochloride, sodium chloride, sodium phosphate, sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN), sodium sulfate, guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn), urea, glucose, trehalose dihydrate, xylitol, ethanol, and ethylene glycol were from Wako Pure Chemical Inc., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). All chemicals used were of reagent grade and used as received.
IgG was dissolved in and dialyzed against pure water to remove salts before the following experiments. The protein concentration of the above stock IgG solution was spectrophotometrically determined using a UV-vis spectrophotometer (ND-1000; NanoDrop Technologies, Inc., Wilmington, USA).
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