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9 protocols using sodium methoxide

1

Porcine Skin Gelatin-Tannic Acid Biomaterial

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Gel from porcine skin (type A, gel strength 300), tannic acid (TA), ethanol anhydrous, and methanol anhydrous were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium methoxide was from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Silicon wafers were obtained from Namkang Hitech Co., Ltd. (Gyunggi-Do, Korea) and used as substrates.
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2

Comprehensive Lipid and Carbohydrate Analysis

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Hexane, methanol and dimethylformamide were HPLC grade (VWR Chemicals, West Chester, PA, USA). Lactic acid (≥90%) was also purchased from VWR. Sulfuric acid was obtained from Honeywell Fluka (Charlotte, NC, USA), while sodium methoxide and methyl acetate were obtained from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). GLC-Nestlé36 FAME mix was obtained from Nu-Chek Prep, Inc. (Elysian, MN, USA) and butterfat CRM-164 (EU Commission; Brussels, Belgium) from Fedelco Inc. (Madrid, Spain). Undecanoic acid (98.0%) was obtained from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA) while glyceryl tritridecanoate (>99.0%) was obtained from Larodan (Solna, Sweden). Galactose (≥98%) and acetic acid (100%) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium hydroxide was procured from LabChem (LaborSpirit Lda, Loures, Portugal) and phenolphthalein from José M. Vaz Pereira S.A. (Santarém, Portugal). Supelco 37 FAME mix, methyl tricosanoate (≥99.0%), α-lactose monohydrate (≥99%, total lactose basis), glucose (≥99.5%), Candida rugosa (CRL) type VII lipase and formic (≥95%), propionic (99%) and citric (99%) acids were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Pasteurized semi-skimmed cows’ milk and flaxseed oil (FSO) were bought in local markets (Porto, Portugal).
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3

Fluorescent Labeling of Amphiphilic Proteins

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Poly-acrylic acid, ammonium formate, triethylamine (TEA), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, octylamine, and isopropylamine were from Sigma-Aldrich. Methanol, dimethylformamide (DMF), and N-methylpyrrolidone were from SDS. Palladium on activated charcoal, sodium methoxide, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, and Celite were from Acros. AF647 carboxylic acid succinimydyl ester (AF647-NHS) was from Life Technologies. A8–35 was synthesized according to the procedure described in Gohon et al. (2004 (link), 2006) (link). UV–visible spectroscopy measurements were carried out on a HP-8453 UV–VIS spectrometer (Agilent Technologies). Fluorescence spectroscopy was performed on a PTI fluorescence spectrometer (Serlabo Technologies) controlled by Felix software. NMR spectroscopyexperiments were performed on a Bruker Avance 400 MHz instrument (Bruker, Wissembourg, France).
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4

Fatty Acid Profiling of Food Samples

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Hexane, methanol, dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetonitrile (AcN) were HPLC grade (VWR Chemicals, West Chester, PA). GLC-Nestlé36 FAME mix and glyceryl tritridecanoate (99.9%) were obtained from Nu-Chek Prep, inc. (Elysian, Minnesota, USA). Undecanoic acid (99.9%) and N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) were acquired from Alfa Caesar (Haverhill, MA, USA) and butterfat CRM-164 (EU Commission; Brussels, Belgium) from Fedelco Inc. (Madrid, Spain). Sulphuric acid was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Hampton, NH, USA), while sodium methoxide was from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Supelco 37 FAME mix, bacterial FAME (BAME mix), linoleic acid (LA; C18:2 c9,c12), α-linolenic acid (α-LNA; C18:3 c9,c12,c15) and γ-linolenic acid (γ-LNA; C18:3 c6,c9,c12) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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5

Comprehensive Characterization of Edible Oils

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Geleol was kindly donated by Gatefossé (Saint-Priest, France). Avocado oil was provided by Fula (Algés, Portugal), pomegranate oil was obtained from All Organic Treasure (Wiggensbach, Germany), and coconut oil, from Origens Bio (Arruda dos Vinhos, Portugal). Carboxymethylcellulose was obtained from Merck (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tritridecanoin and punicic, catalpic, α and β- eleostearic acids standards were obtained from Larodan (Solna, Sweden); HPLC grade methanol, hexane, and dimethylformamide (DMF) were obtained from VWR (Radnor, PA, USA); and sodium methoxide was procured from Acros Organics (Morris Plains, NJ, USA). The standards Supelco 37 and CRM-164, Tween 80, and sulfuric acid were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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6

Fabrication of Polyelectrolyte Thin Films

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Branched polyethylene imine (BPEI, MW 25 000), alginic acid, anhydrous ethanol, and methanol were purchased from Aldrich. Based on the information of FMC Corporation, we supposed the molecular weight of alginic acid to be 75 000 based on the viscosity of 15–25 cps in 1% of H2O (Pronova UP VLVM, viscosity: <20 mPa, Ms < 75 kDa). A non-oxidized silicon wafer was obtained from Namkang Hitech Co., Ltd (Korea). The electrode of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was obtained from Stanford Research Systems (SRS). Sodium methoxide was purchased from Acros.
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7

Production and Evaluation of Grapeseed Biofuels

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The following materials
were used for the production of conventional alkyl esters: refined
grapeseed oil, donated by Movialsa S.A.; absolute ethanol and Methanol
(both from Panreac Applichem); sodium ethoxide (21% w/w in ethanol)
and sodium methoxide (30% w/w in Methanol) (both from Acros Organics);
sodium chloride (supplied by Glass Chemicals); and a 4 Å molecular
sieve (pearl-shaped 2–3 mm; Scharlau).
Grapeseed used
in the in situ transesterification and in the antioxidant extraction
was the same as that used in the previous work.8 (link) Methanol (Panreac Applichem) and hydrochloric acid (AnalaR
NORMAPUR) were also used in these processes. Defatted grapeseed flour
was donated by Alvinesa S.A.
For the experimental measurement
of oxidation stability, acetone
(Kelsia), distilled water (Bosque Verde), and isopropanol (Panreac
Applichem) were used. In addition, butylhydroxytoluene (BHT; SAFC)
was used as an additive to improve the oxidation stability of conventional
biofuels.
For the evaluation of the natural antioxidant content
by UV–vis
spectroscopy, the following materials were used: tetrachloroethylene
(Uvasol), purchased from Merck; and the double beam UV–vis
instrument, which was a Specord 200 Pins of Analytikjena (Germany)
with 1 cm quartz cuvettes, controlled by the software WinASPECT PLUS
v4.2.0.0.
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8

Synthesis of Thermoresponsive Hydrogel

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All materials were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich unless otherwise stated. N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm, TCI) was recrystallized before use. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA, TCI) was passed through an inhibitor remover (Sigma Aldrich) to remove the inhibitors. Heparin sulfate (Alfa Aesar), recombinant human bFGF (peprotech), bFGF Elisa Kit (peprotech), collagen I solution (Fisher Scientific), Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) powder (Fisher Scientific), 3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione, sodium methoxide, and triethylamine (Fisher-Scientific) were used as received.
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9

Analytical Lipid Profiling Using UPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS

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Methanol, acetonitrile, isopropanol, toluene and hexane used during sample preparation, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis and/or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were of UPLC-grade or better and were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). Sodium methoxide (0.5 M), methanolic hydrochloric acid (3 N) and trimethylsilyl-diazomethane (2 M) used during sample preparation and glacial acetic acid, formic acid, ammonium hydroxide (10 M) used during UPLC-MS/MS analysis were purchased from either Fisher Scientific or Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, MO). Fatty acid and lipid mediator standards, analytical surrogates, and internal standards were synthesized or purchased from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI), Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. (Alabaster, AL), Larodan (Malmo, Sweden), Nu-Chek Prep, Inc. (Elysian, MN), or CDN Isotopes (Pointe-Claire, Canada).
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