Fr900359

Ang II, ET-1, PD123319, gallein (G_βγ inhibitor), and BQ788 were obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville, MO, USA). Recombinant human TGF-β1, valsartan, bosentan, ambrisentan, LY2109761, FR180204, and SB203580 were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). SIS3 (Smad3 inhibitor) and FR900359 (G_αq inhibitor) were obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Fibroblast growth medium and related cell culture reagents were obtained from Promocell (Heidelberg, Germany).

Ambrisentan, bosentan, pertussis toxin (PTX), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor), SP600125 (JNK inhibitor), and FR180204 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). ET-1, BQ788 (ET_BR antagonist), and gallein (G_βγ inhibitor) were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville, MO, USA). FR900359 (G_αq inhibitor) was obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Fibroblast medium and related cell culture reagents were purchased from Cell Applications (San Diego, CA, USA). Ambrisentan, bosentan, SB2033580, SP600125, FR180204, gallein, and BQ788 were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), whereas endothelin-1 and PTX were dissolved in distilled water when preparing the stock solutions. Aliquots of stock solution were stored at −20 °C.