Fenofibrate was supplied by Hanmi Pharm. Co. (Suwon, South Korea). Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and polyvinyl alcohol were procured from Shin-Etsu Co. (Tokyo, Japan). Carboxymethylcellulose sodium and dextran were obtained from Duksan Chemical Co. (Ansan, South Korea) and Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA), respectively. PVP K30, Solutol HS15, poloxamer 407, cremophore A25, cremophore RH40, cremophore EL, and cremophore ELP were purchased from BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Polyethylene glycol (400 and 6000) was acquired from Duksan Chemical Co. Gelatin, polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), and sorbitan monooleate 80 (Span 80) were supplied by Daejung Chemical Co. (Siheung, South Korea). Fenofibric acid, HP-β-CD, SLS, and docusate sodium were obtained from Hanmi Pharm. Co. Clofibric acid was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All other solvents and chemical substances were of reagent grade.
Clofibric acid
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Clofibric acid is a chemical compound that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is a colorless crystalline solid with a molecular formula of C10H11ClO3. Clofibric acid is primarily used in research and analytical applications, but its specific core function should be described without further interpretation or extrapolation.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Pvp k30, by BASF (2 mentions)
Naproxen, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Bezafibrate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Gemfibrozil, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cremophore rh40, by BASF (1 mentions)
Cremophore el, by BASF (1 mentions)
Poloxamer 407, by BASF (1 mentions)
Solutol hs 15, by BASF (1 mentions)
Sorbitan monooleate 80 span 80, by Daejung Chemicals (1 mentions)
Lipofectamine 3000, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Labrafil m 2125, by Gattefosse (1 mentions)
Ketoprofen, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lithocholic acid, by Steraloids (1 mentions)
Taurocholic acid, by Steraloids (1 mentions)
Ursodeoxycholic acid, by Steraloids (1 mentions)
Taurodeoxycholic acid, by Steraloids (1 mentions)
Chenodeoxycholic acid, by Steraloids (1 mentions)
Deoxycholic acid, by Steraloids (1 mentions)
Murideoxycholic acid, by Steraloids (1 mentions)
Cholic acid, by Steraloids (1 mentions)
10 protocols using clofibric acid
1
Fenofibrate Formulation Optimization
2
Transcription Factor Activation in 293T Cells
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When we co‐transfected HNF4α, PPARα, RXRα and pBR322‐HBV1.0 together into 293T cells in 6‐well plate, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5 and 1.5 μg of each DNA, respectively, were used. Transfections were conducted by using Lipofectamine 3000 reagent according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen). For cells transfected with pSG5‐PPARalpha and pSV‐SPORT‐RXRalpha, all‐trans retinoic acid (Sigma‐Aldrich) at 1 μmol/L and clofibric acid (Sigma‐Aldrich) at 1 mmol/L final concentrations were added to the medium to activate the PPARα and RXRα nuclear hormone receptors.18
3
Fenofibrate Formulation Development
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Fenofibrate and fenofibric acid were provided by Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co (Suwon, South Korea). PVP K30 was procured from BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Labrafil M 2125 was purchased from Gattefosse (Saint Priest Cedex, Lyon, France). Clofibric acid was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). All other chemical substances were of reagent grade.
4
Analytical Method for Acidic Drugs
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All reagents were of analytical grade and all solvents were HPLC grade. Chromatographic supports, ketoprofen, naproxen and clofibric acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, Madrid, Spain). From these, the standard solutions of acidic drugs were prepared. Enrofloxacin was used as internal standard at a concentration of 1 mg∙L−1, prepared from a stock solution of 1000 mg∙L−1 dissolved in acetonitrile. All aqueous solutions were prepared using >18 MΩ-cm water. Polymimide-coated fused-silica capillaries (75 µm inner diameter) were purchased from Polymicro Technologies (Polymicro Technologies, Phoenix, AZ, USA).
Stock solutions of 1000 mg∙L−1 of ketoprofen, naproxen and clofibric acid were prepared by dissolving the pure reagents in acetonitrile. Standard solutions were prepared by the dilution of the stocks with ultrapure water at pH 2, previously acidified with HCl solution, and vacuum filtered with a 0.45 μm cellulose ester filter membrane (Advantec MFS Inc., Dublin, CA, USA).
Stock solutions of 1000 mg∙L−1 of ketoprofen, naproxen and clofibric acid were prepared by dissolving the pure reagents in acetonitrile. Standard solutions were prepared by the dilution of the stocks with ultrapure water at pH 2, previously acidified with HCl solution, and vacuum filtered with a 0.45 μm cellulose ester filter membrane (Advantec MFS Inc., Dublin, CA, USA).
5
Bile Acid Compound Sourcing Protocol
6
Quantification of Emerging Pollutants
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Acetaminophen, bezafibrate, bisphenol A, butylparaben, chloramphenicol, clofibric acid, diclofenac, ethylparaben, flufenamic acid, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, indomethacin, methylparaben, naproxen, propylparaben, salicylic acid, thiamphenicol, triclocarban, triclosan and warfarin from Sigma-Aldrich (The Woodlands,Texas, USA) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) from LoGiCal (Luckenwalde, Germany) were used as target analytes for QqQ analysis. Calibration standards were prepared by serial dilution of the mixed working solution. Stock and working solutions were stored at −20 °C in the dark [10] (link).
Water used for preparation of calibration standards and LC–MS mobile phase was purified by an Elix Milli-Q system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Methanol was purchased from Panreac (Castellar del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain) and formic acid was purchased from Amresco (Solon, OH, USA). Ammonium fluoride was acquired from Alfa Aesar GmbH & Co KG (Karlsruhe, Germany).
Water used for preparation of calibration standards and LC–MS mobile phase was purified by an Elix Milli-Q system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Methanol was purchased from Panreac (Castellar del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain) and formic acid was purchased from Amresco (Solon, OH, USA). Ammonium fluoride was acquired from Alfa Aesar GmbH & Co KG (Karlsruhe, Germany).
7
Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts
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The starting reagents: zinc chloride (Zn(Cl)2·6H2O, 99.8%), titanium isopropoxide (Ti(OiPr)4, 99.9%), urea (CO(NH2)2, 99.0%), ethylene glycol (C6H5OH, 99.5%), clofibric acid (C2H5OH, 99.5%), nitric acid (HNO3, 37%), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 99.5%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). TiO2 Degussa P25 was employed as a reference photocatalyst. All the chemicals were employed without any modifications. Bidistilled water was used to prepare the solutions.
8
Quantification of Atorvastatin in Plasma
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Plasma samples were extracted employing a liquid-liquid extraction technique according to the procedure previously reported with minor modification (Liantonio et al., 2012) . Atorvastatin calcium (Sigma Aldrich) was used as standard and the internal standard was clofibric acid (Sigma-Aldrich). Mass spectrometric detection and quantification were carried out using an electrospray interface and a Q-TOF mass spectrometer (Agilent 6530 Accurate Mass Q-TOF LC/MS, Palo Alto, CA). Ionization was achieved in the negative ion mode. Full-scan mass spectra was recorded in the mass/charge (m/z) range of 50-800, focusing on [M-H] -peak 213.0340 (IS) and [M-H] -peak 557.2489 (Atorvastatin). To determine drug plasma concentration, calibration curves were constructed by plotting the ratios of analyte/IS peak vs. nominal concentration of the analyte and analyzed by linear regression analysis. The calibration curve were linear over the concentration range (5-300 ng/mL), with correlation coefficients (R 2 ) ≥0.9925. Details are given in the Supplementary Methods.
9
NMR Spectroscopy of Lipid-Lowering Drugs
10
NMR Titration of Receptor-Drug Interactions
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1 H NMR measurements were carried out at 298 K using a Bruker AC-500 MHz. 1 H NMR titrations were carried out by adding increasing amounts of known concentrations of the pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, aspirin and clofibric acid, all from Aldrich) dissolved in CD3CN
(Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, 99.8%) to the NMR tube containing a known concentration of
the receptor in the same deuterated solvent. Chemical shift changes of the receptor after each addition of the drug were recorded. Subtracting the chemical shifts for the free receptor r from those of the complex, c, the chemical shift changes were calculated from Eq.1
(Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, 99.8%) to the NMR tube containing a known concentration of
the receptor in the same deuterated solvent. Chemical shift changes of the receptor after each addition of the drug were recorded. Subtracting the chemical shifts for the free receptor r from those of the complex, c, the chemical shift changes were calculated from Eq.1
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