P lkb1

Hispolon was acquired from BJYM Pharmaceutical. & Chemical Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The purity of hispolon was higher than 95% (Figure 1A). LPS, dexamethasone (DEX) and other chemicals, solvents, and reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for the determination of cytokine secretion were acquired from BioLegend Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA). Anti-PI3k and Anti-p-AKT were obtained from Merck Millipore (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). The antibodies against TLR4, AKT, p-JNK, ATF6, p-CaMKK2, p-LKB1, catalase, GPx, SOD, Keap1, COX-2, caspase 12, IRE1, GRP78, PERK, CHOP, Beclin 1 and LC3 I/II were obtained from GeneTex (Irvine, CA, USA). Antibodies against IKK, p-IKK, JNK, p-ERK, ERK, p-p38, mTOR and p-mTOR were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Anti-iNOS, anti-HO-1, anti-Nrf-2, anti-PPARγ, anti-IκBα, anti-NF-κB, anti-p38, and anti-β-actin were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Determination of protein concentration using a Bio-Rad protein assay kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories Ltd., Watford, UK).

Paracetamol, NAC, other chemicals and solvents were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). ELISA kits for detecting the release of mouse TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were purchased from BioLegend Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA). Primary antibodies for Western blotting against the proteins COX-2, p-JNK, catalase, GPx, SOD, CYP2E1, AMPK, LKB1, CaMKKβ, p-AMPK, p-LKB1, and p-CaMKKβ were purchased from GeneTex (San Antonio, TX, USA). Antibodies against JNK, p-ERK, ERK, p-p38, and p-IκB-α were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Antibodies against iNOS, NF-κB, IκBα, p38, HO-1, Nrf-2, and β-actin were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK, USA). Protein assay kits (Bio-Rad Laboratories Ltd., Watford, Herts, UK) were obtained as indicated.