Inulin

FOS, GOS, XOS, isomalto-oligosacchrides (IMO), raffinose, stachyos, inulin, resistant starch (RS), and glucose (Glu) were all purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. All other chemicals used were of analytical grade.

The Liupao tea sample (three grade tea) was provided by Wuzhou Zhongcha Tea Factory Co., Ltd. (Wuzhou, Guangxi, China).
Sephadex G-100 gel, serial standard monosaccharides (glucose (Glc), glucuronic acid (GlcA), xylose (Xyl), galactose (Gal), rhamnose (Rha), mannose (Man), and arabinose (Ara)), 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), bovine serum albumin (BSA), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), different molecular-weight dextran standards, and pancreatin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Polyamide resin, DEAE-52 cellulose, and Sephadex G-100 gel were purchased from Solarbio (Beijing, China). Cholestyramine, glycocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, glycodesoxycholic acid, taurochenocholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, heparin, and inulin were supplied by Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Bile acid, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) analysis commercial kits, were provided by Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). The standard products of SCFAs (acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid) were acquired from Zhenzhun Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All reagents were of analytical grade and obtained from Shanghai Chemistry and Reagents Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Amyloglucosidase, pancreatic α-amylase, salivary α-amylase, bile salt, pancreatin, resazurin, hemin, vitamin K₁, L-cysteine, α-glucan, β-glucan and short-chain fatty acids standards, 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (PMP), glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), rhamnose (Rha), mannose (Man), arabinose (Ara), Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 dye, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and 2-(4-Amidinophenyl)-6-indolecarbamidine dihydrochloride (DIPA) staining solution were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Pepsin (>400 U/mg) and trypsin (250 U/mg) were obtained from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Inulin (source: chicory, content ≥ 95%) from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) has a molecular weight of around 5000 Da. T-series dextrans were purchased from Pharmacia Co., Ltd. (Uppsala, Sweden). All other reagents that were utilized in this study were of analytical grade.

Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge was provided by Chengji Pharmaceutical Co. (Guizhou, China). Pepsin (3000 U/g), pancreatin, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, trypsin, and SCFA standards were purchased by Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Bile salts and inulin were obtained from Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The TIANamp Stool DNA Kit was provided by Tiangen Biotech Co. (Beijing, China). All other reagents and solvents used in this study were of analytical grade.