Tecnai g2 20

The size and shape of the different NPs synthesized using the fungal isolate were determined using TEM (Philips Tecnai-G2 20, Japan). To prepare TEM samples, a drop of well-dispersed NP solution was placed onto conventional carbon-coated copper TEM grids (150 μm meshes, Plano GmbH, Germany), and the drop was allowed to dry overnight in a desiccator before imaging. Three TEM images of each sample were obtained for morphological analysis and particle size using an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. To analyze the elemental chemical composition of the NPs, the EDX spectra were examined coupled with the TEM (Tecnai-G2 20).
The six types of NPs produced by the F. solani isolate were characterized using TEM and EDX as follows (EDX: Supplementary Fig. S2): The spherical AgNPs produced by this fungal extract had a diameter of 15.3 ± 0.2 nm (mean ± SE). The spherical CuONPs produced had a diameter of 11.7 ± 0.3 nm and the spherical SeNPs produced had a diameter of 20.0 ± 0.1 nm. The size of the amorphous SiO₂NPs produced was 32.9 ± 2.6 × 75.1 ± 8.9 nm. Finally, the spherical TiO₂NPs had a diameter of 15.4 ± 0.2 nm and the ZnONPs had a diameter of 8.1 ± 0.5 nm.

Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was recorded using a spectrometer at room temperature with a resolution of 1 cm^–1 (Thermo Incol, USA, https://www.thermofisher.com). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed on an X‐ray diffractometer operating at 40 kV and 30 mA, using a Cu Kα radiation and a Ni filter (STOE, Germany, https://www.stoe.com). The magnetic features of Fe₃O₄/RGO and Au/Fe₃O₄/RGO nanocomposites were tested with a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) at 298 K. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to reveal the surface morphology, composition, and internal structure of the nanocomposites (TEM, Philips Tecnai G220, operated at 120 kV, https://www.jeolusa.com).
The electrochemical detection techniques that had been utilized were CV, SWV, and EIS. These techniques were applied to a three‐electrode device consisting of a Ag/AgCl reference electrode, a glassy carbon working electrode (2 mm geometric diameter), and a platinum counter (auxiliary) electrode. All electrochemical experiments were performed at room temperature (20 ± 2°C).