Mx sm1031

The kuini pulps were homogenised separately using a blender (MX-SM1031, Panasonic, Malaysia) at high speed (12000 rpm) until it became smooth. The blended kuini pulps were diluted in distilled water to standardise the juice to a total soluble solid (TSS) content of 12°Brix, measured using a digital refractometer MA 871 (0--85°Brix) (Milwakee, Romania). The juices were then filtered using a filter cloth before spraydrying. A known amount of maltodextrin was added into 200 g of filtered juice and the mixture was filtered again in order to ensure smooth consistency (i.e., free from the solid matter) (Chang et al., 2018a) .

The spiked samples were prepared following the procedure described by Jamalludin and Tukiran (2018), with a slight modification. The EBN samples were grinded using pestle and mortar. TRE was blended using Panasonic MX-SM1031 (240V~50Hz) until it turned into fine powders, while the P powder was directly taken from the bottle. The spiked samples of TRE and P were prepared in five concentrations which were 1%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% (w/w). After that, ON, BC, TRE and P were sieved into finer powders using a 1 mm sieve to make a constant particle size. The ON powders were weighed using a precision analytical balance. The ON samples were transferred into Eppendorf tube and were mixed using Advanced IR Vortex Mixer (Velp Scientifica, Italy) with the speed of 20x100 rpm for 1 minute. The ON samples were kept in an airtight bag for further analysis. These steps were also applied for BC, TRE and P.