Trios software 5

The viscosity of aquafaba solutions at pH 5 with and without addition of XG and HPMC (0 to 0.6% by mass) and 86.4 g sugar was analyzed using the methods of [10 (link)] with modification. In addition, the viscosity of egg white (EW) with 86.4 g sugar was analyzed for comparison. All samples were stirred using magnetic stir bars at room temperature for 1 h to allow solubilization of sugar and gums. Prior to analysis, samples were sonicated using an ultrasonic bath (Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA) for 20 min to remove bubbles formed during mixing. A Discovery HR-2 hybrid rheometer (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) with TRIOS software 5.2 (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) was used for analyses. Approximately 2 mL of samples were dispensed onto the rheometer plate, then a 60 mm 2.0° cone (TA Instruments, UK) was lowered to the trim gap at 105 µm where sample amount was adjusted if necessary to extend to edge of the probe. The cone was lowered to the geometry gap at 52 µm and samples were then tested using a linear flow rate test at 25 °C. The samples went through a conditioning step with a 20 s soak time and a 60 s period of pre-shear. Next, samples underwent a flow ramp at 25 °C while shearing occurred over 840 s at a rate of 0.1 s⁻¹ to 100 s⁻¹, with measurements recorded every 5 s. Samples were analyzed in triplicate. A power law model was fit with the TRIOS software.

Oscillatory rheology tests of the HG and BG were performed with an AR-G2 controlled stress rheometer (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) equipped with a Peltier temperature control system. Parallel plate geometry of 20 mm diameter and a gap of 2000 µm and 3000 µm were used for HG and BG, respectively. Oscillation amplitude measurements were used to determine the LVR of both materials. Then, frequency measurements were performed within the LVR to ensure that the material response in terms of elastic modulus (G′) and viscous modulus (G″) was independent of the strain magnitude. Data were analyzed using TRIOS software 5.2 (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA), and final data values were represented with Origin.
G′ is related to the stored energy, while G″ represents the dissipated energy. Critical strain was defined as the intersection of the tangents from the baseline of the linear region and initial slope from the non-linear region. During the strain sweep, the frequency was kept constant at 1 Hz, and during the frequency sweep, the strain was kept constant at 0.5% and 0.005% for HG and BG, respectively. Samples were evaluated in triplicate at 25 °C.