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355 protocols using sodium nitrate

1

Antimicrobial Efficacy Assessment

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Sodium nitrite (Sigma-Aldrich), sodium nitrate (Sigma-Aldrich), and H2O2 solution (Sigma-Aldrich) were dissolved in DW to achieve the desired concentrations, and pH was adjusted using sodium nitrate. These mimic solutions and their mixes were added to a total volume of 5 mL in 50 μL B. cereus cultures. After 5 min of HT, 0.1 mL of cultures treated with these artificial solutions were used for microbial counting. Cell counts were determined via serial dilutions of suspensions and subsequent enumeration on PCA. The microbial counts are expressed as log10 CFU/mL of the sample.
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2

Measurement of Endothelial NO Metabolites

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Endothelium-derived NO and its metabolic products (NO2 and NO3), collectively known as NOx, were determined using a chemiluminescent NO detector (Sierver 280i, Boulder, CO, USA) as described in our previous study [26 (link)]. Briefly, samples of 50 μl of culture medium were injected into a gas stripping apparatus containing 2 ml of a 1% solution of vanadium (III) chloride in hydrochloric acid at 90°C which was connected to an NO analyzer. NO was measured according to the instructions of the manufacturer. The sensitivity of the NO analyzer is < 10 pmol/ml, with a linearity of 4 orders of magnitude. Calibrations were made according to the manufacturer’s instructions with standard solutions of sodium nitrate and sodium nitrate (Sigma), respectively.
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3

Extraction and Characterization of Dunaliella salina

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D. salina was produced by an autotrophic process by Pagarete Microalgae Solutions Soc. Unipessoal (Póvoa de Santa Iria, Portugal). The microalgal biomass was spray-dried by the same company and kept under −8 °C until further analysis.
Ultrapure water was obtained from the Synergy® Water Purification System (Merck Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA). Methanol (suitable for HPLC, ≥99.9%), dichloromethane (puriss. ≥99%, GC), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate, for analysis), Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid, for analysis), acetic acid (glacial, ACS reagent, ≥99.7%), sodium acetate (ACS reagent, ≥99.0%), TPTZ (2,4,6-tris(2-yridyl)-s-triazine, ≥98.0%, HPLC), hydrochloric acid (ACS reagent, 37%), iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (ACS reagent, 97%), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (for analysis), sodium carbonate (ACS reagent, anhydrous, ≥99.5%), gallic acid (ACS reagent, ≥98.0%), sodium nitrate (ACS reagent, ≥99.0%), sodium hydroxide (reagent grade, 97%), and quercetin dihydrate (grade ≥95%) were purchased from Millipore Sigma (Saint Louis, MO, USA).
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4

Characterization of Model Protein GA-Z

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Sodium chloride (NaCl), disodium phosphate dihydrate (Na2HPO4·2H2O), sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate (NaH2PO4·H2O), sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and human serum albumin (HSA) were purchased from MilliporeSigma (Darmstadt, Germany). The carrier liquid for AF4 and solution for sample preparation was prepared with water purified through a Milli-Q Plus purification system (Millipore Co. Ltd., Billerica, USA, resistance = 18.2 MΩ/cm). Model protein (henceforth referred to as GA-Z) was provided by Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB (publ.) (Stockholm, Sweden). The GA-Z was designed to have one HSA binding site and one target molecule binding site with 108 amino acids (MW = 11.5 kDa) and it was produced in E. Coli.
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5

Synthesis of Triethynylbenzene Derivatives

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Materials 1,3,5-Triethynylbenzene (97%), 2,5-dibromothiophene (96%), copper(I) iodide (99%), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0) (99%), potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) (99%), ammonium oxalate (99%), catalase, sodium nitrate (99%), L-ascorbic acid (99%), triethylamine (99%), 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (97%), 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (98%), 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (97%), a-terpinene (90%), mesitylene (98%) and all other solvents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Sodium n-dodecylsulfate (99%) was obtained from Alfa Aesar. 4,7-Dibromobenzo[c]-1,2,5-thiadiazole (97%) was purchased from Combi Blocks. Escherichia coli K-12 and Bacillus subtilis were purchased from DSMZ Leibniz-Institute (Braunschweig, Germany). All chemicals and solvents were used as received unless otherwise specified.
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6

Synthesis of Transition Metal-Doped Graphite

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Graphite Powder (≥99.99%, Daejung Korea), Sodium Nitrate (≥99.0%, Sigma-Aldrich), Concentrated Sulphuric acid (clear, assay: 99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich), Hydrogen peroxide (30 %, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), Iron (III) Chloride hexahydrate (99.0%, Daejung Korea) Iron (II) Sulphate heptahydrate (≥98.0%, Sigma-Aldrich), Cobalt chloride hexahydrate (99.0%, Daejung Korea), and Liquid ammonia (Sigma-Aldrich) were used in this study. All chemicals were analytical grade reagents and were used as received without further purification. Distilled water was used throughout the study.
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Synthesis and Characterization of Metal-Organic Complexes

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Copper sulfate (99.99% purity), sodium ascorbate (98% purity), tris(benzyltriazolylmethyl) amine (THPTA, 95% purity), sodium nitrate (99.0% purity), 4-(2hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethane sulfonic acid (HEPES, 99.5% purity) and sodium acetate anhydrous (99% purity) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France).
Sodium hydroxide (98 % purity) and sodium chloride (99.5% purity) were purchased from Fluka (Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France). Triethylamine (99% purity) was obtained from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Acetic acid (99.99% purity) was supplied by VWR Chemicals (Rosny-sous-Bois, France). Sodium azide (99.5% purity) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
Dimethylformamide (99.9% purity) was purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents (Val-de-Rueil, (PSS, Mw = 70 kDa) was purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Except for PAH and PEI, all reagents and polymers were used as received without any further purification. All aqueous solutions were prepared using deionized water (18 MΩcm -1 ) delivered by a Synergy UV water purification system (Millipore, Fontenay-sous-Bois, France).
0.1 μm cut-off Durapore membrane filters were purchased from Millipore (Molsheim, France).
Dialysis tubings (cut-off: 1, 3.5, 8 and 12-14 kDa) were purchased from Spectrum Labs (San Francisco, CA, USA). SI1) according to the calculation method described in Figure SI 8.
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8

Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Oxide

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Methylene cyanide, natural graphite powder, sodium nitrate (NaNO3), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), hydrogen peroxide solution (H2O2, 30%), hydrochloric acid, ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O, 98%), sodium acetate (NaOAc), chitosan (CS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF), sodium azide (SA) and d-mannitol (DM) were bought from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China). Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM), penicillin, streptomycin, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Beijing Dingguo Biotechnology Co. (Beijing, China). PBS used in other experiments was prepared by mixing stock solutions of NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4. Ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane, triethylamine (TEA), hydrobromide/acetic acid (HBr/HAc, 33%), glacial acetic acid (HAc, 99%), concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 98%), and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) were analytical reagents. All the chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade and used without any purification. All the solvents were distilled and purified by standard procedures. Pure water was obtained from Milli-Q synthesis system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA).
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9

Analytical-Grade Solution Preparation

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Glutathione (GSH), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), sodium nitrite (NaNO2), N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), sulfanilamide (SNM), and acetic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and used without further purification. Aqueous solution preparations were carried out using analytical-grade water from a Millipore Milli-Q Gradient filtration system (resistivity below 18.2 MW cm−1 at 25.0 ºC).
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10

Graphite-Based Nanomaterial Synthesis

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Graphite flakes, sulfuric acid (H2SO4 98%), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl 37%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 30%), thionyl chloride (SOCl2), fumaric acid, pyridine, chitosan (MW 50–190 kDa with deacetylation degree > 90%), chlorosulfonic acid (CSA), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) were procured from Sigma-Aldrich, Johannesburg, South Africa. These reagents were used as obtained. All aqueous solutions were prepared using ultrapure water. Acronyms and parameters used in this article are listed in Table 1.
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