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27 protocols using cadmium acetate

1

Synthesis of Semiconductor Nanoparticles

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Oleic acid (OA, 90%), 1-octadecene (1-ODE, 90%), trioctylphosphine (TOP, 97%), zinc acetate (99.99%), sulfur (99.998%), zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (Zn DDTC, 97%), ZnO (99.999%), cadmium acetate (99.995%), Se powder (99.99%) zinc acetate dihydrate (≥98%), lithium hydroxide monohydrate (≥98%), and poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(4,4′-(N-(4-sec-butylphenyl)diphenylamine))] (TFB) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich.
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2

Cadmium-Induced Autophagy and Apoptosis

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Cadmium acetate (CdAc2), chloroquine (CQ), rapamycin (RAP), dansylcadaverine (MDC), anti-LC3 (Lot#: 065M4757V) and Hoechst 33258 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit was purchased from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). Trypsin was obtained from Amresco (Solon, OH, USA). Antibodies against Bax (Ref. No. : 03/2013), Bcl-2 (Ref. No. : 01/2013), cleaved-PARP (Ref. No. : 12/2012), autophagy gene 5 (Atg5) (Ref. No. : 01/2013), β-actin (Ref. No.: 06/2012) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) (Ref. No. : 10/2012) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Boston, MA, USA). Anti-beclin 1 (Lot#: J0112), were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) solution was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Other chemicals and reagents were purchased locally and were all at analytical grade.
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3

Cadmium-Induced Cellular Responses

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Sal (purity >99%) was obtained from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). The enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) detection kit was from Millipore (Burlington, MA, USA). Cadmium acetate (Cd), Lucifer yellow (LY), 18-β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), U0126, SP600125, SB202190 and the anti-ERK, anti-P-ERK, anti-JNK, anti-P-JNK, anti-p38, anti-P-p38 and anti-β-actin antibodies were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Shanghai, China). PrimeScript RT Reagent kit and SYBR Premix Ex Taq were obtained from TaKaRa Biotechnology (Dalian, China). Oligonucleotide primers were synthesized by Invitrogen (Shanghai, China). All other reagents were of analytical grade.
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4

Analytical Reagents Procurement and Preparation

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Analytical grade sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) potassium sulfate (K2SO4), sodium dicarbonate (NaHCO3), calcium chloride (CaCl2), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), cadmium acetate (Cd(CH3COO)2), lead acetate (Pb(CH3COO)2), nickel chloride (NiCl2), copper chloride (CuCl2), potassium acid pyroantimonate (K2H2Sb2O7.4H2O), sodium selenate (Na2SeO4), ammonium dimolybdate ((NH4)2Mo2O7), sodium borohydride (NaBH4, 98%), dithionite (Na2S2O4), and ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). 250 ml glass (GG-17) and plastic (poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), PMP) beaker were purchased from sinopharm. All chemicals were used without further purification. Deionized water was used for all reagent and particle suspension preparation.
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5

Dissecting Cellular Stress Responses via Multimodal Analysis

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Cadmium acetate, bafilomycin A1, chloroquine, propidium iodide (PI), MG132, hoechst 33342 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Antibodies for Clone M-20 Fas (sc-716), clone G-9 Fas (sc-74540), procaspase-3 (sc-7148), ubiquitin (sc-8017), GAPDH (sc-32233), FITC-goat anti-mouse (sc-2010) and rhodamin-goat anti-rabbit (sc-2091) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Anti-LC3B (2772), PARP-1 (9532), cleaved caspase-3 (9661), and caspase-8 (4790) purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Antibodies for SQSTM1/p62 (H00008878-M01) and Atg7 (EPR6251) were obtained from Abnova (Taipei, Taiwan) and Epitamics (Burlingame, CA, USA), respectively. Unnoted chemicals were obtained from Sigma.
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6

Cadmium Exposure: Dose-Dependent Effects

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Cadmium solutions were prepared by dissolving cadmium acetate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States) in 0.9% saline. The pH of cadmium solution was 7.4. To avoid drug accumulation, each animal received a single dose of cadmium (4 or 8 mg/kg) via the femoral vein. These doses were selected from preliminary experiments as representative doses that elicited differential effects on our experimental parameters within 10 min after administration.
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7

Synthesis and Characterization of Quantum Dots

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Cadmium acetate, selenium, zinc acetate, hexamethyldisilathiane ((TMS)2S), trioctylphosphin oxide (TOPO), trioctylphosphine (TOP), ethyl cellulose (EC), mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), 4-dimethylamino pyridine (DMAP), 1-hexadecylamine, stearic acid, 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS), 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS), aminofluorescein (AF), melamine, paraformaldehyde, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), hydrogen peroxide, and sodium α-ketobutyrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (Seoul, Korea). N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), methanol, ethanol, and chloroform were obtained from Honeywell International Inc. Burdick & Jackson (Ulsan, Korea). Other chemicals such as hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium phosphate (mono- and dibasic), sodium chloride, and phosphate buffer were of analytical grade and used without further purification.
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8

Hepatoprotective Compounds Evaluation

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Lead acetate (Pb(C2H3O2)2), Cadmium acetate (Cd(OCOCH3)2), mercury chloride (HgCl2), Silymarin, Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), Gallic acid and Quercetin were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, USA). The others reagents were of analytic grade.
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9

Synthesis of Nucleobase Nanoparticles

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Zinc acetate, cadmium acetate, sodium borohydride, mercaptosuccinic acid, nucleobases, and other used chemicals were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). High purity deionized water (Milli-Q Millipore 18.2 MΩ/cm; Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) was used to prepare the aqueous solution of the nucleobases.
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10

Synthesis of MAX Phase Nanomaterials

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Phosphate buffer (PB) solution, NaOH, H2SO4, K3[Fe(CN)6], K4[Fe(CN)6]·3H2O, sodium acetate, acetic acid, lead nitrate, copper sulfate and cadmium acetate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. The MAX phases of Nb2CTx and Nb4C3Tx (Nb2AlC and Nb4AlC3 respectively) were prepared by mixing powders of niobium (Alfa Aesar, 99.98%, −325 mesh), aluminum (Alfa Aesar, 99.9%, −325 mesh), and carbon (Alfa Aesar, 99%, 7–11 micron) at different ratios, followed by heating under an argon (Ar) flow. The detailed procedure is given in the ESI and in the ref. 34 and 37 (link).
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