Autocad 2018

In July 2016 and July 2020, photographs of tree silhouettes were taken using the same observation point each time. The photographs were analysed in terms of the crown shape and sight-based tree crown projections. A diagram of canopy comparison was drawn using AutoCAD 2018 software (Autodesk). Each photograph was taken with a wooden 1 m long yardstick placed at the base of the tree trunk collar. The tree shapes of the trunks and crowns were scaled to their actual dimensions using AutoCAD software and traced. Then the outlines of each tree for 2016 and 2020 were placed on top of one another. This then allowed for a comparison of the crown areas. In October 2016, leaf samples were collected for the visual analysis and characteristics of shape and size anomalies.

Microfluidic devices were designed using CAD software (AutoCAD 2018, Autodesk Inc.) and were fabricated in PDMS using well-established photolithography (Fig. S8) and soft lithography methods (Fig. S9)^{39 (link)}. The single-chamber device consisted of two PDMS layers, the top layer containing flow channels and a cell culture chamber and a bottom layer containing an array of 19 microwells. Each cylindrical microwell had the following dimensions: 250 µm in diameter and 300 µm in depth. A typical single chamber microfluidic device is shown in Fig. 1. It contained seeding/transport channels that were 300 µm in height and 500 µm in width, which were connected to a rectangular cell culture chamber with dimensions of 3 × 7 mm. The top and bottom PDMS layers were bonded by 2 min of exposure to oxygen plasma (PDC-001, Harrick Plasma).

PLA (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and HA (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) were weighed according to different mass ratios (9:1). PLA was dissolved in trichloromethane (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), and heated to 60 °C in a water bath. During the stirring process, HA powder was added and blended well until all ingredients were fully dissolved. After sonication in an ultrasonic oscillator (SHA-B, Guohua, China) for 15 min, PLA and HA were thoroughly stirred for 10 h with an electromagnetic agitator (NanBei Instrument, China) to ensure that HA was evenly dispersed in the PLA, as previously described [23 (link)]. After the drying process, the mixed ingredients were added to a 3D printer (CR3040, Chuangxiang Industrial, China) to make a solid wire with a diameter of 0.5 mm. The printing conditions were set as follows: the diameter of the printing needle was 0.5 mm; the movement speed of the needle was 0.5 mm/s; the printing temperature was set to 70 °C; and the pause between the two printing layers was 0.1 s. CAD software (AutoCAD2018, Autodesk, USA) was used to design the shape of the bracket (rectangular sheet with a length and width of 20 mm and thickness of 1.5 mm), and the porosity was determined to be approximately 65%, as described previously [24 (link)].

According to ANSI/ADA No. 132, this study designed three reference models. The theoretical values of the crown model radial of the top surface and height were set to 3.5 mm and 6.0 mm, respectively, the radial of the top surface and height of the inlay model were set to 4.0 and 6.0 mm, respectively, and the center distance of a sphere with a long-distance specimen model diameter of 8.0 mm is set as R1 = 35.0 mm, R2 = 59.5 mm, R3 = 55.0 mm, R4 = 59.5 mm, R5 = 40.0 mm, and R6 = 40.0 mm. The 3D views and optical images are shown in Figure 1. Models of the samples were first drawn using CAD software (AutoCAD 2018, Autodesk, USA) and then exported in standard tessellation language (STL) format for computer numerical control milling. Samples were fabricated from stainless steel according to the STL file and washed three times in an ultrasonic bath at 30°C for 5 min each time. Finally, all the samples were sandblasted with a powder size of 80 μm.

A porous cube with an edge length of 30 mm, with eight rectangular units (pore size 2 × 2 mm) in each layer, was selected as the original shape for the scaffold. The free web-based software Tinkercad v2.0 (Autodesk, Inc., Mill Valley, CA, USA) was used to build the macrostructure from scratch. Delicate substructures (size, shape, and arrangements of pores) were added with the software AutoCAD 2018 (Autodesk, Inc., Mill Valley, CA, USA). The general structure and the distribution of the inner connections of the designed standard scaffold were evaluated with Microsoft 3D Builder (Version 1703; Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA), and target measurements were obtained with the built-in measurement system of Microsoft 3D Viewer (Version 1703; Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA). Data was exported in stereo-lithography file format (.STL) and imported into the open-source software Cura (Version 3.6.0, Ultimaker, Utrecht, The Netherlands) to adjust the final settings for the printing process. The final data was processed to G-code (RS-274) and transferred to the 3D printer on a micro-SD card.

According to the clinical practice, the theoretical value of the diameter of the sphere model based on the ISO 12836 [21 ] was set as 8 mm, as shown in Figure 1(a). The 3D file of the model was drawn by computer-aided design software (AutoCAD 2018, Autodesk, USA), which was exported in stereolithography (STL) format. The test model was made of stainless steel, and we used computer numerical controlled (CNC) milling to fabricate it. Moreover, the model was sandblasted with a powder size of 80 μm as specified by the international standard.