Strains used in this study were obtained from the Infectious and Tropical Diseases Hospital “Victor Babes,” Bucharest, and they were as follows: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli (with antigens grown in nutrient broth, Oxoid) and, respectively, from Romvac Company's microbiology lab collection: Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 55670), Salmonella typhimurium (RO 05 TL3/2014), Salmonella enteritidis (TL 248), and Helicobacter pylori (ATCC 49503). Helicobacter pylori was cultured in BHI medium (Bacto) and Candida albicans in Sabouraud liquid medium (HiMedia). Clostridium difficile was grown in thioglycollate medium (Oxoid). Cultures were incubated at 37°C, washed twice with sterile PBS at pH 7.2, and inactivated with 0.5% formaldehyde for 18 hours, after which the suspensions were adjusted to 0.05 at OD600, corresponding to a cell density of approximately 1 × 105 CFU/mL.
Salmonella enteritidis
Manufactured by American Type Culture Collection
Sourced in United States
Salmonella enteritidis is a species of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria belonging to the Salmonella genus. It is a common cause of foodborne illness. This bacterial strain is available from the American Type Culture Collection for research and laboratory purposes.
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Lab products found in correlation
Escherichia coli, by American Type Culture Collection (6 mentions)
Bacillus cereus, by American Type Culture Collection (5 mentions)
Listeria monocytogenes, by American Type Culture Collection (5 mentions)
Staphylococcus aureus, by American Type Culture Collection (5 mentions)
S aureus, by American Type Culture Collection (3 mentions)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, by American Type Culture Collection (3 mentions)
Enterococcus faecalis, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
Candida albicans, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
Clostridium perfringens, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
Thioglycollate medium, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Nutrient broth, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Salmonella typhimurium, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Staphylococcus aureus, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Escherichia coli, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Streptococcus mutans, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Helicobacter pylori, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
P aeruginosa, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Micrococcus luteus, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
E coli, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
C glabrata, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
12 protocols using salmonella enteritidis
1
Standardized Microbial Strain Preparation
2
Antimicrobial Effects of Essential Oils
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The effects of EOs were evaluated on 13 bacterial strains and 5 yeasts: Staphylococcus aureus (209 PCIP 53156), S. aureus (ATCC 29213), Micrococcus luteus (ATCC381), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14579), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), E. coli (ATCC 35214), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (DSM 50090), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Klebsiella pneumoniae (CIP 104727), K. pneumoniae (clinical isolates), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19115), Salmonella enteritidis (DMB 560), Candida albicans (CCMM L4), C. krusei (CCMM L10), C. glabrata (CCMM L7), C. parapsilosis (CCMM L18) and Aspergilus niger (CCMM M100). The bacterial and yeast strains were provided by the Center of Biotechnology, Borj Cedria, Tunisia.
3
Antimicrobial Assessment of White Sage Extract
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The bacterial strains tested with the WSE were Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 49444) (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 13076) (Gram-negative bacteria). All the microorganisms were obtained from the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (Food Biotechnology Laboratory) Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The strains were cultured on Muller-Hinton (MH) Agar and cultures were stored at 4 °C.
4
Antimicrobial Evaluation of Wafer Hydrolysates
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The hydrolysates and the peptide fraction of wafers were tested against the following bacteria: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29737, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC BBA-2660, Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 4931, and yeast Candida albicans ATCC 90028. The strains were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, distributors: LGC Standards, Łomianki, Poland) and stored at 4 °C. All strains were cultured at 37 °C on Nutrient Broth (NB) medium.
5
Antimicrobial Evaluation of Duchesnea indica
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Whole plants of dried Duchesnea indica and strawberries were purchased from a local market in Jeonju, Korea. Chitosan (low molecular weight, 75–85% deacetylated), gelatin (cold water fish skin), poly(vinyl alcohol) (MW 89,000–98,000), acetic acid (glacial 100%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethanol were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Mueller–Hinton broth (MHB), brain–heart infusion broth (BHIB), and tryptic soy broth (TSB) were obtained from Becton Dickinson (Sparks, MD, USA). Baired–Parker agar (BPA) was acquired from Microgiene (Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea). Bacterial strains used in this study were Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14579), Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 13076), Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), and Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC19115).
6
Microbial Cultivation and Preparation
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Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19112, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Sligella flexneri ATCC 12022 and Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 15611, Vibrio parahaemolyticus 17802, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 and Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). All of the bacterial strains were cultured in tryptone soy broth (TSB) or lysogeny broth (LB) broth/agar plates at 37°C, with media purchased from Beijing Land Bridge Technology Co. Ltd (Beijing, China). These bacteria were harvested from fresh cultures, and were decimal diluted by double-distilled H2O (ddH2O).
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Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19112, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Sligella flexneri ATCC 12022 and Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 15611, Vibrio parahaemolyticus 17802, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 and Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). All of the bacterial strains were cultured in tryptone soy broth (TSB) or lysogeny broth (LB) broth/agar plates at 37°C, with media purchased from Beijing Land Bridge Technology Co. Ltd (Beijing, China). These bacteria were harvested from fresh cultures, and were decimal diluted by double-distilled H2O (ddH2O).
7
Shelf-life Evaluation of Stabilized Aqueous Electrolyzed Water
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Two different concentrations were designed for experiment, including 41 and 25 ppm. Two types of HDPE bottles (closed and open) were used to collect the SAEW samples described above. The four samples were stored at a room temperature of 25°C for 6 months. It was used for the experiments for exposure to light. The pH and ACC of the samples were measured on storage months 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The bacterial experiment was measured on storage months 0 and 6 by using E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43895), B. cereus (ATCC 10987), L. monocytogenes Scott A (ATCC 43251), S. aureus (ATCC 13565), and Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 13076) broth culture. The measurements were completed within 30 min. Each experimental was repeated in triplicate.
8
Cultivation of Bacterial Strains for Experiments
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The bacterial strains used in this study include E. coli O157: H7 (ATCC 43894), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 27213), and Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 13076) from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Bethesda, MD, USA). A single colony on an agar plate seeded with each strain was transferred and inoculated into 5 mL of Luria–Bertani (LB) broth (Becton, Dickinson, and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). The culture was then incubated overnight at 37 °C and 200 rpm. Finally, the overnight culture was diluted 100-fold with fresh LB broth and incubated at the same conditions until the optical density (OD) at 600 nm reached 1.
9
Enterococcus and Related Bacterial Strains for Research
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Enterococcus strains E. faecalis (ATCC 29 212), E. faecium (ATCC 19 434), E. hirae (ATCC 8043), E. gallinarum (ATCC 49 573), E. avium (ATCC 14 025), E. durans (ATCC 19 432), E. cecorum (ATCC 43 198), E. columbae (ATCC 51 263), E. mundtii (ATCC 43 186), E. saccharolyticus (ATCC 43 076), E. casseliflavus (ATCC 25 788) and E. sulfureus (ATCC 49 903), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25 922), Staphylococcus strains S. aureus (ATCC 25 923), S. cohnii (ATCC 35 662), S. xylosus (ATCC 29 971), S. lentus (ATCC 49 574), S. hominis (field isolate) and S. epidermidis (field isolate), Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (field isolate), Pasteurella multocida (field isolate), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (ATCC 19 610), Mycoplasma synoviae (ATCC 25 204), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14 579), Campylobacter coli (ATCC 33 559), Clostridium perfringens (ATCC 13 124), Campylobacter jejuni (ATCC 33 560), Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 31 194), chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV, field isolate), reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV, field isolate) and Marek's disease virus (MDV, ATCC VR-624) were from the American Type Culture Collection, and were used as reference strains in the current study.
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Enterococcus strains E. faecalis (ATCC 29 212), E. faecium (ATCC 19 434), E. hirae (ATCC 8043), E. gallinarum (ATCC 49 573), E. avium (ATCC 14 025), E. durans (ATCC 19 432), E. cecorum (ATCC 43 198), E. columbae (ATCC 51 263), E. mundtii (ATCC 43 186), E. saccharolyticus (ATCC 43 076), E. casseliflavus (ATCC 25 788) and E. sulfureus (ATCC 49 903), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25 922), Staphylococcus strains S. aureus (ATCC 25 923), S. cohnii (ATCC 35 662), S. xylosus (ATCC 29 971), S. lentus (ATCC 49 574), S. hominis (field isolate) and S. epidermidis (field isolate), Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (field isolate), Pasteurella multocida (field isolate), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (ATCC 19 610), Mycoplasma synoviae (ATCC 25 204), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14 579), Campylobacter coli (ATCC 33 559), Clostridium perfringens (ATCC 13 124), Campylobacter jejuni (ATCC 33 560), Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 31 194), chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV, field isolate), reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV, field isolate) and Marek's disease virus (MDV, ATCC VR-624) were from the American Type Culture Collection, and were used as reference strains in the current study.
10
Antimicrobial Activity of Sodium Alginate
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Sodium alginate (SA) was purchased from Alpha-Chemika (India). Quaternary ammonium salt, Quat 188, (N-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride solution, 60 wt% in H 2 O) was supplied from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany. We purchased regenerated cellophane dialysis tubes, with molecular weight cut off 12-14 x 10 3 g mol -1 from Serva Electrophoresis, Heidelberg, Germany. The tested pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) as a Gram-positive bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15692) and Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 13076) as Gram-negative bacteria, and Aspergillus niger (ATCC 9142) as a fungus, were supplied by Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology of Azhar University, Egypt.
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