3 5 dinitrosalicylic acid

Apple fibers in powder form was obtained from Biesterfeld AG (Zagreb, Croatia). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), trolox, 4-(dimethylamino)-cinnamaldehyde (DMAC), chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric, gallic and ellagic acids, rutin, quercetin, phloretin, phlorizin, and myrtenol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Potassium persulfate, Folin-Chiocalteu reagent, and sodium carbonate were obtained from Kemika (Zagreb, Croatia). Neocuproine, 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), and copper (II) chloride were purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Methanol (HPLC grade) was acquired from J.T. Baker (Deventer, The Netherlands), and orthophosphoric acid (HPLC grade > 85%) was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, sodium acetate, ethanol, ammonium acetate, and starch were bought from Gram-mol (Zagreb, Croatia). Cyanidin 3-glucoside was obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay, France), and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid was from Alfa Aesar (Kandel Germany). Sucrose was obtained from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Trehalose was a donation from Hayashibara Company (Nagase group, Okayama, Japan).

Blueberry powder and blackcurrant powder were purchased online (Viberi, Timaru, New Zealand). Oat bran was obtained from the local supermarket (Sun Valley, Christchurch, New Zealand). Pepsin (EC 3.4.23.1) pancreatin (EC 232-468-9), α-amyloglucosidase (EC 3.2.1.3), invertase (EC 3.2.1.26), 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS, 98%, ACROS Organics™, Waltham, MA, USA ), Folin and Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, 2,7 dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA), gallic acid, rutin, and trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Other chemicals in this study were of analytical grade.

Commercial potato starch (Chuño Delicado, Chile) purchased from a local market (Table 1) was used as a model starch-based food. α-amylase (BAN 480L, Novozymes Company, Frederiksberg, Denmark), produced by submerged fermentation of a selected strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, was kindly provided by Blumos Chile (Santiago, Chile). BAN 480L is available with a standard strength of 480 KNU/g and relative activity at 37 °C of 67% and 92% at pH 7, as provided by the manufacturer. Monobasic sodium phosphate, dibasic sodium phosphate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and sodium azide (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were used for the preparation of phosphate buffer. For the DNS method, 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid, crystalline phenol and sodium bisulfite (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium), sodium potassium tartrate were used. In addition, solutions of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) were used to adjust the pH of samples by means of manual titration. Ultra-purified water (resistivity 15.0 MΩ-cm) was used for the preparation of the starch dispersions.

Ascorbic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH^●), 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS^●+), neocuproine, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and potassium ferricyanide were used for the determination of the antioxidant activities and were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (Sigma-Aldrich GmbH, Stern-heim, Germany). The following chemicals were used for the enzyme inhibition assays: α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 4-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), α-amylase from porcine pancreas, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NADH), phenazinemethosulphate (PMS), nitrotetrazolium blue chloride (NBT) and Ascorbic acid were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA), while acarbose and potato starch were purchased from Fluka (Bucharest, Romania) and Fisher (Pittsburgh, PA, USA), respectively. Sodium nitroprusside, sulfanilamide, and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) were obtained from Acros Organics (Hampton, NH, USA). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, Na₂CO₃, and gallic acid were purchased from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Standards used for the elucidation of the phenolic compounds and for elaboration of the calibration curves were obtained from EXTRA SYNTHESE (Genay Cedex, France). Acetonitrile HPLC-grade and formic acid were purchased from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). All other chemicals were of analytical grade.

Polished rice (11.9% moisture, 82.4% carbohydrate, 5.7% protein, and 0% lipid) from the 2017 crop was purchased from the Hua-Tung Rice Co., Ltd. (Hualien, Taiwan). Dried P. cuspidatum roots were purchased from local Chinese herbal medicine stores and ground into powder with ~0.62 mm particles. Qu was purchased from Yong Xin Jiuqu Co., Ltd. (Changhua, Taiwan). Piceid and p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (PNG) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA). Resveratrol was purchased from Changsha Nutramax Biotechnology (Changsha, China). DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and o-phthaldialdehyde were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Tewksbury, MA, USA). Finally, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid and ferrozine were purchased from Acros (Morris Plains, NJ, USA). Unless otherwise noted, all reagents and chemicals were of analytical grade.

Nitric acid, ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, sodium carbonate decahydrate and sodium phosphate monohydrate were purchased from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Light petroleum, pyridine, trichloroacetic acid, sodium chloride, potato starch, potassium and sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, sodium hydroxide and tris base were purchased from Fisher. Tetracosane, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 4-nitrophenyl α-d-glucopyranoside (pNPG), lipase from porcine pancreas, colipase from porcine pancreas, 1,2-di-O-lauryl-rac-glycero-3-(glutaric acid 6-methylresorufin ester) (DGGR), angiotensin converting enzyme from rabbit lung (ACE) and N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-phe-gly-gly (FAPGG) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), cholesterol, palmitic acid, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, sodium deoxycholate, sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate and captopril were purchased from Acros (Hampton, NH, USA). Pentadecanol and Orlistat were purchased from TCI (Tokyo, Japan). Sodium acetate and calcium chloride were purchased from ChemLab (Eernegem, Belgium). Acarbose was purchased from Fluka (Bucharest, Romania). All reagents were of analytical grade or of the highest available purity.