Ciprofloxacin

Chemicals used in this study are: EtOH 96% ANALAR, 1-BuOH ANALAR and 2-propanol HPLC grade from VWR international GmbH. Nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) cell culture grade, chloramphenicol molecular biology grade, isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), kanamycin sulphate, ampicillin sodium salt, and glucose monohydrate from PanReac AppliChem. MeOH and acetone were analysis grade, phenol was synthesis grade, acetate 100% and glycerol analysis grade from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany. Glyphosate, Roundup® Gran 420 g/kg as sodium salt from Monsanto, Germany. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) electrophoresis grade from BioRad. Fructose ≥99% from Sigma-Aldrich. Furfural 99% from Acros Organics.

The materials used in the study were sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ethanol (99%), hydrochloric acid (37%), hydrogen peroxide (6%), silver nitrate 99.9+% (metal basis), and distilled water. All the chemicals used in this research were of analytical grade and applied without further purification. Chemical materials were purchased from the Saudi Chemical Company (PanReac AppliChem, Ar Riyad, Saudi Arabia). Hama fluoride topical gel (1.23% fluoride ion) was obtained from Kal-AlHamaya, Saudi Arabia, antibiotic susceptibility disks (penicillin G (PG), Augmentin (AUG), metronidazole (MZ), ampicillin (AP), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and cotrimoxazole (TS)) from PanReac AppliChem, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and Gram-positive cocci ID cards (ID-GPC cards; BioMérieux, Craponne, France.