Protamine sulfate salt

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Protamine sulfate salt is a naturally-derived compound commonly used in various laboratory and scientific applications. It serves as a key component in various procedures and analyses, providing a specific functional role. However, a detailed description of its core function would require further information to maintain an unbiased and factual approach without extrapolation.

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Lab products found in correlation

Nah2po4, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (2 mentions) Phenol, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Na2hpo4, by Merck Group (2 mentions) 8 anilino 1 naphthalenesulfonic acid ammonium salt ans, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Geneart, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Spermine, by Merck Group (1 mentions) 4 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole dihydrochloride dapi, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Kanamycin sulfate, by Sangon (1 mentions) Tetracycline hydrochloride, by Sangon (1 mentions) Exonuclease 1, by New England Biolabs (1 mentions) Ampicillin, by Sangon (1 mentions) Chloramphenicol, by Sangon (1 mentions) Absolute ethyl alcohol, by Sinopharm (1 mentions) Zinc sulfate monohydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Znso4, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Trizol reagent, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Lipofectamine 2000, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Mircute mirna isolation kit, by Tiangen Biotech (1 mentions) Ludox hs 40, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

9 protocols using protamine sulfate salt

Insulin-Protamine Binding Characterization

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Insulin human recombinant, expressed
in yeast (≥98% purity,
MW 5.8 kDa), protamine sulfate salt from salmon (MPRRRRSSSRPVRRRRRPRVSRRRRRRGGRRRR)
(MW 5.1 kDa), 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid ammonium salt (ANS),
and zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZnSO₄) were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich. Na₂HPO₄, NaH₂PO₄, NaCl, and phenol were purchased from Merck Chemicals Ltd.
All experiments were performed in phosphate buffer at pH 8.0 containing
10 mM Na₂HPO₄, 10 mM NaH₂PO₄, and NaCl. The concentration of insulin was measured using an absorbance
of 276 nm on the Cary 100 UV–vis spectrophotometer. The molar
extinction coefficient used for insulin was 6200 M^–1cm^–1.^{13 (link)}

Aggarwal S., Tanwar N., Singh A, & Munde M. (2022). Formation of Protamine and Zn–Insulin Assembly: Exploring Biophysical Consequences. ACS Omega, 7(45), 41044-41057.

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STAT1 Modulation via Lentiviral Transduction

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STAT1 shRNA Lentiviral Particles (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-44123-V), containing 3 target-specific constructs that encode 19–25 nt (plus hairpin) or scramble shRNA control (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-108080), were added onto the cells in media containing protamine sulfate salt (8 μg/ml) (Sigma). Cells were infected for 48 h before applying puromycin (5 μg/ml) for 3 days.
STAT1-WT gene was cloned into pcDNA3.1+ in a two-step process using the following primers: STAT1-F1 (5′-AAAGCTAGCGGCCGGCCATGTCTCAG-3′), STAT1-R1 (5′-CGTCTCGAGGTCAATTACCAAACCAGGCT-3′) for the first part; STAT1-2F (5′-GACCTCGAGACGACCTCTCT), STAT1-2R (5′-AGTGTTTAAACTTAATTAACTATACTGTGTTCA-3′) for the second part. The 551 bp long STAT1 part in between the restriction sites HindIII and EcoRI was synthesized (GeneArt, Thermo Fisher Scientific) to generate the following mutations: Y701F, S727E, and Y701F/S727E; each one was cloned into pcDNA-STAT1-WT to replace the wild-type part. All generated plasmids were sequenced before further use (Eurofins). U251-MG cells were transfected and selected as previously described.^{24 (link)}

Ferluga S., Baiz D., Hilton D.A., Adams C.L., Ercolano E., Dunn J., Bassiri K., Kurian K.M, & Hanemann C.O. (2020). Constitutive activation of the EGFR–STAT1 axis increases proliferation of meningioma tumor cells. Neuro-oncology Advances, 2(1), vdaa008.

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Characterization of GC-DNA and AT-DNA Interactions

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Poly[dGdC]:poly[dGdC] (GC-DNA)
and poly[dAdT]:poly[dAdT] (AT-DNA),
protamine sulfate salt (from salmon), spermine, ethidium bromide (EtBr),
cobalt hexamine (cohex), and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
dihydrochloride (DAPI) were bought from Sigma-Aldrich Co. and used
without additional purification. Nickel(II) chloride was procured
from Alfa Aesar. The approximate average length of base pairs is 800
in both GC- and AT-DNA. The concentrations of DNA solution were determined
in the base pair (bp) by recording absorbance at 260 nm using molar
extinction coefficients, ε₂₅₆ = 16800 and ε₂₆₀ = 13200 bpM^–1 cm^–1 for
GC-DNA and AT-DNA, respectively.^{23 (link)} To check
whether the DNA is free of protein, the purity of DNA was calculated
at the absorbance ratio of A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀ nm. The
value was in the range of 1.8–1.9, which directed that the
DNA is pure and free of proteins.^{24 (link)} The
stock concentrations of DAPI and EtBr were prepared at 1 mM in HPLC
water. Furthermore, 10 mM stock solutions were prepared for protamine,
nickel chloride, spermine, and cohex using 10 mM HEPES buffer at pH
7.4.

Gupta S., Aggarwal S, & Munde M. (2023). New Insights into the Role of Ligand-Binding Modes in GC-DNA Condensation through Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Studies. ACS Omega, 8(5), 4554-4565.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles

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Protamine sulfate salt, tetrachloroauric (III) acid tetrahydrate ( HAuCl 4 ⋅4H 2 O), andsodium citrate (C 6 H 5 Na 3 O 7 ⋅2H 2 O) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Kanamycin sulfate, tetracycline hydrochloride, p-hydroxy-ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin and gentamicin sulphate were obtained from Sangon Biotechnology Inc. (Shanghai, China). Kanamycin aptamer (5 ′ -TGG GGG TTG AGG CTA AGC CGA-3 ′ ) and cDNA (5 ′ -TCG GCT TAG CCT CAA-3 ′ ) were synthesized by Sangon Biotechnology Inc. (Shanghai, China). Sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ), magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ), glucose, and absolute ethyl alcohol were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Exonuclease I was purchased from New England Biolabs (Beijing, China). All other chemicals were of analytical reagent grade or higher and used without further purification. Double distilled water (18.2 MΩ, Pall Cascada) was used throughout the experiments.

Li J., Liu Y., Lin H., Chen Y., Liu Z., Zhuang X., Tian C., Fu X, & Chen L. (2021). Label-free exonuclease I-assisted signal amplification colorimetric sensor for highly sensitive detection of kanamycin. Food chemistry, 347.

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Characterization of Insulin-Protamine Complex

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Insulin human recombinant, expressed in yeast ([?]98% purity, MW 5.8 kDa ), protamine sulfate salt from salmon (MPRRRRSSSRPVRRRRRPRVSRRRRRRGGRRRR) ( MW 5.1 kDa), 8 anilino 1 naphthalenesulfonic acid ammonium salt (ANS) and zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZnSO 4 ) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Na 2 HPO 4 , NaH 2 PO 4 , NaCl and phenol were purchased from Merck-chemicals Ltd. All experiments were performed in phosphate buffer at pH 8.0, containing 10 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 10 mM NaH 2 PO 4 , and 100 mM NaCl. The concentration of insulin was measured using absorbance a 276 nm on the Cary-100 UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The molar extinction coefficient used for insulin was 6200 M -1 cm -19 .

munde m., Aggarwal S., & Tanwar N. (2020). Probing the Interaction of Protamine with Zn-insulin through Biophysical and Molecular Docking Studies.

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Cell Culture and Transfection Protocol

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The plasmid, pCDH-miR-145-GFP, was constructed in our own laboratory. DOTAP was purchased from Corden Pharma (Liestal, Switzerland), and chol and protamine sulfate salt were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA); and Lipofectamine™ 2000 (Lipo 2000) and TRIzol reagent were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). The miRcute miRNA isolation kit was obtained from Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The primers were synthesized by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China).
Cell culture. The 293T cells, hepatoma cells (HepG2), cervical cancer cells (HeLa), breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7), lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549), human gastric cancer (BGC-823) and human colorectal cancer cells (LoVo) were all purchased from Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (Shanghai, China). These cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) or RPMI-1640 containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 37˚C with 5% CO 2 .

Tao J., Ding W.F., Che X.H., Chen Y.C., Chen F., Chen X.D., Ye X.L, & Xiong S.B. (2016). Optimization of a cationic liposome-based gene delivery system for the application of miR-145 in anticancer therapeutics. International journal of molecular medicine, 37(5).

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Heparin-Protamine-HTCC Interaction Protocol

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Heparin sodium injection (5000 USP units/mL) was purchased from Polfa (Warsaw, Poland). Protamine sulfate salt was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). HTCC was prepared from native chitosan (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) according to the procedure described previously [10 (link)]. The solutions of heparin, protamine and HTCC were prepared in 0.9% NaCl.

Lorkowska-Zawicka B., Kamiński K., Ciejka J., Szczubiałka K., Białas M., Okoń K., Adamek D., Nowakowska M., Jawień J., Olszanecki R, & Korbut R. (2014). Inactivation of Heparin by Cationically Modified Chitosan. Marine Drugs, 12(7), 3953-3969.

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Protamine-Assisted SiO2 Encapsulation of Probiotic Bacteria

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For protamine-assisted SiO 2 yolk-shell nanoparticles packing, 19 L. acidophilus suspended in a 2 mg mL -1 protamine sulfate salt (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) solution at a concentration of 3 × 10 8 mL -1 were allowed to settle for 15 min after which bacteria were collected by centrifugation (5000g, 5 min). Subsequently, the bacteria were added to a 5 mg mL -1 SiO 2 suspension (Ludox HS-40, Sigma-Aldrich, USA), and allowed to settle for 15 min to allow deposition of the nanoparticles. For B. infantis, lower concentrations of protamine (1 mg mL -1 ) and SiO 2 (1 mg mL -1 ) were used to yield optimal viability after encapsulation (Fig. 1). Finally, encapsulated bacteria were collected by centrifugation (5000g, 5 min) and re-suspended by vortexing in 10 mM phosphate buffer.

Wei H ., Yang XY ., Geng W ., van der Mei HC , & Busscher HJ . (2021). Interfacial interactions between protective, surface-engineered shells and encapsulated bacteria with different cell surface composition. Nanoscale, 13(15).

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Optimizing Enzymatic Assay Conditions

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Stearic acid Grade I ! 98.5% (GC), Tween Ò 80 (Hydrophiliclipophilic balance, HLB 15), deoxycholic acid sodium salt ! 96% (SDC, HLB 16), Span Ò 60 (HLB 4.7), alkaline phosphatase from bovine intestinal mucosa (ALP, 7165 units/mg protein), potassium phosphate monobasic (KH 2 PO 4 ) 99.5%, protamine sulfate salt from salmon grade X, 5.1 kDa, sodium polyphosphate (Graham's salt, PP), sodium tripolyphosphate 85% (TPP), phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 2 (PIC), Triton X-100 for molecular biology, ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate 81-83%, malachite green (MLG) oxalate salt 90% and resazurin sodium salt were received from Sigma Aldrich, Austria. Kolliphor Ò HS 15 (Solutol, HLB 16) and Lumogen F 300 red (LgR) were received from BASF, Germany. 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) ! 99.5% was obtained from ROTH GmbH, Germany. RIPA lysis and extraction buffer was purchased from Thermo Scientific, Austria. Pluronic Ò F-68 (Lutrol, HLB > 24) was obtained from Applichem GmbH, Germany. Labrafac TM PG (propylene glycol dicaprylocaprate, L-PG) and Labrafac TM lipophile WL 1349 (medium chain triglycerides, L-MCT) were provided by Gattefossé, France. All other reagents were of analytical grade and obtained from commercial sources.

Akkuş-Dağdeviren Z.B., Fürst A., David Friedl J., Tribus M, & Bernkop-Schnürch A. (2023). Nanoarchitectonics of Layer-by-Layer (LbL) coated nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for Enzyme-Triggered charge reversal. Journal of colloid and interface science, 629(Pt A).

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