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6 protocols using fesh0450

1

Fluorescence Microscopy Experimental Setup

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Fluorescence
microscopy experiments were performed using a Nikon Ti2-A inverted
microscope. The samples are placed on the microscope’s table,
which was applied with a custom-made box to allow measurements under
inert conditions. The excitation light was from a 373 nm collimated
free-beam laser diode (LDH-D-C-375, PicoQuant), passing a clean-up
filter (370/36 BrightLine HC, Semrock) and a lambda fourth plate (355
nm, Edmund Optics). The beam was expanded using a 10× UV beam
expander (BE10-UVB, Thorlabs, Inc.) and then focused on the back-focal
plane of the objective to enable far-field microscopy. It entered
the microscope through the backside port and was mirrored to the sample
stage via a dichroic mirror (zt 375 RDC, Chroma). Emitted light from
the sample was collected by the objective and passed the dichroic
mirror to be led to a side port of the microscope. Here, it was spectrally
separated into two parts using color filters (FESH0450 and FELH0500,
Thorlabs) and a dichroic mirror (zt 514 RDC, Chroma) mounted on an
Optosplit II (Acal BFi Germany GmbH). The two resulting images represented
the wavelength regimes. The image detection was done using a back-illuminated
CCD camera (iXon Ultra 897, Andor). Time-resolved measurements were
realized by taking a series of images and subsequent post-procession
of the data with a self-written evaluation script.
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2

Characterization of Quantum Dot Emission

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All optical measurements were performed on an Olympus® BX51 optical microscope. Images were acquired with a RGB Allied Vision Technologies® Prosilica GT camera mounted on the microscope’s imaging port. A high NA oil immersion lens (Olympus UPlanFL 100x / 1.30 oil) and a regular air objective (UMPlanFl 100x / 0.95) in conjunction with a Bertrand lens were used to image the samples’ angular emission profiles. The excitation source was a Sony® SLD3236VF laser diode, used with a Thorlabs® ITC4005 laser controller. The beam created by the laser diode was collimated through a 30mm focal length lens and its position and angle was controlled with two adjustable 45° mirrors before coupling it into the optical microscope. A customized microscope filter cube consisting of a short-pass filter ( < 450nm, Thorlabs® FESH0450), a long-pass dichroic mirror ( > 425nm, Thorlabs® DMLP425R) and a long-pass filter ( > 570nm, Thorlabs® FGL570) was also used. The standard excitation power used to excite the QDs was < 5mW to avoid heating and intensity variation of the laser diode. In addition, some tests were run with an excitation power up to 20mW without witnessing any photo-bleaching of the QDs. A 60x water immersion lens (Olympus (LUMPlanFl N 60x / 1.00 w) was used for the imaging of marine micro-organisms and bacteria.
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3

Characterization of Quantum Dot Emission

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All optical measurements were performed on an Olympus® BX51 optical microscope. Images were acquired with a RGB Allied Vision Technologies® Prosilica GT camera mounted on the microscope’s imaging port. A high NA oil immersion lens (Olympus UPlanFL 100x / 1.30 oil) and a regular air objective (UMPlanFl 100x / 0.95) in conjunction with a Bertrand lens were used to image the samples’ angular emission profiles. The excitation source was a Sony® SLD3236VF laser diode, used with a Thorlabs® ITC4005 laser controller. The beam created by the laser diode was collimated through a 30mm focal length lens and its position and angle was controlled with two adjustable 45° mirrors before coupling it into the optical microscope. A customized microscope filter cube consisting of a short-pass filter ( < 450nm, Thorlabs® FESH0450), a long-pass dichroic mirror ( > 425nm, Thorlabs® DMLP425R) and a long-pass filter ( > 570nm, Thorlabs® FGL570) was also used. The standard excitation power used to excite the QDs was < 5mW to avoid heating and intensity variation of the laser diode. In addition, some tests were run with an excitation power up to 20mW without witnessing any photo-bleaching of the QDs. A 60x water immersion lens (Olympus (LUMPlanFl N 60x / 1.00 w) was used for the imaging of marine micro-organisms and bacteria.
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4

Photoluminescence Quantum Yield Measurement

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We measure the PLQY using
a custom-modified GPS-033-SL integrating sphere built by LabSphere.49 (link) A laser diode (Thorlabs, L405P20, 405 nm) is
used as an excitation source, passing through an optical chopper (Thorlabs,
MC2000B-EC), hitting into the integrating sphere. The incident intensity
is controlled with neutral density filters (Thorlabs). The beam hits
the sample within a cylindrical cuvette. Light leaving the exit port
of the sphere, fitted with a baffle to prevent direct reflections,
hits onto a low-noise Newport 818-SL calibrated photodetector, which
is connected to a Stanford Research Systems SR830 lock-in amplifier.
We measure the excitation and emission separately using a short-pass
filter (Thorlabs FESH0450) and long-pass filter (Thorlabs FELH0450)
in front of the photodetector. The comparison of the emission and
excitation results in the quantum yield. The sensitivity as a function
of wavelength is calibrated with the spectral responsivity of the
photodetector. A more detailed description of this calculation can
be found in the Supporting Information.
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5

Measuring Melt Density of Biomass Tar

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The melt density of BT was measured by combining ADL with ultraviolet-based imaging technique, as described by Langstaff70 (link). A schematic diagram of the facility is shown in Fig. S7. A high-resolution, black and white high-speed camera (Vision Research Inc, VEO 640) was used to acquire the magnified image of the sample, which was illuminated by a UV lamp (LC8, L9588-02) from the opposite direction. To eliminate the thermal radiation noise (mainly visible and infrared light) at high temperatures, which may blur the boundary of the droplet, a high-pass filter (Thorlabs, FESH0450) was mounted in front of the high-speed camera lens. The molten droplet is approximately ellipsoidal, and its geometric size was obtained by fitting the boundary of the backlighted image by an elliptic equation. The actual size of a molten droplet was converted by a scale factor, which was determined through fitting the boundary of the backlighted imaging of a SiC bead with known diameter ( =3.175mm ).
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6

Reflected SHG Imaging Microscope Setup

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The microscope used to record SHG micrographs corresponds to a previously reported setup 20 which was modified.
Given the thickness and opaque character of certain samples, the setup was modified in order to allow the detection of the reflected SHG signal. To do so, a removable dichroic mirror was implanted on the commercial microscope (IX 71, Olympus) using specific parts 3D printed (Fig. S8). A 3D-printed optical block was also inserted between the microscope and the photomultiplier (Fig. S8). It supports a low pass filter (FESH0450, Thorlabs), a 400 nm bandpass filter (FB400-40, Thorlabs) and a lens that focuses the beam on the cathode photomultiplier. Aiming at constructing multi-pass images through the pixel-by-pixel addition of each scan, the acquisition program was modified. It should be noted that an image obtained from only one scan does not display a sufficient contrast. On the contrary, performing multi-pass imaging, one can obtain very well contrasted micrographs. This technique permits to obtain SHG images in specific conditions: in the presence of very low excitation intensities, with materials displaying weak nonlinear responses, or with unstable materials. The images presented in this study were built from 100 successive scans of the area of interest.
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