D fructose

A working solution of the AgNPs precursor (100 mg L⁻¹ of Ag(I) ions with 0.25% (m/v) d-fructose) was prepared as follows: 0.0157 g of solid silver nitrate (AgNO₃, Avantor Performance Materials, Gliwice, Poland) and 0.25 g of d-fructose (Avantor Performance Materials, Gliwice, Poland) were dissolved in water. The concentration of the capping agent (0.25% (m/v) of FRU) in this solution was chosen in order to allow for stable operation of dc-APGD in the continuous-flow reaction-discharge system. All reagents were of analytical grade or higher purity. Re-distilled water was used throughout.

Hyperuricemic rats were generated by giving 10% D-fructose (AMRESCO, USA) in drinking water as previously described [28 (link)]. The rats were divided randomly into six groups of 16 rats each, which were CON (the control group was given normal drinking water), MOD (the model group was given 10% fructose in drinking water), BEN (the benzbromarone-treated group was given 10% fructose in drinking water and treated with 20 mg·kg-1·d-1 benzbromarone water solution by intragastric administration, using a ball-tip needle), CHI-H (the high-dosage chicory treated group was given 10% fructose in drinking water and treated with 16.7 g·kg-1·d-1 chicory water solution by intragastric administration, using a ball-tip needle), CHI-M (the middle-dosage chicory treated group was given 10% fructose in drinking water and treated with 13.3 g·kg-1·d-1 chicory water solution by intragastric administration, using a ball-tip needle), CHI-L (the low-dosage chicory treated group was given 10% fructose in drinking water and treated with 6.6 g·kg-1·d-1 chicory water solution by intragastric administration, using a ball-tip needle). During the experiment, the CON group and the MOD group were intragastricly treated with saline.

Six—eight week-old, male mice (C57BL/6J strain) were housed in plastic cages containing wood shavings and maintained in a room with a 12h-light cycle at room temperature 22 ± 2°C and a humidity of 50 ± 5%, with free access to food and tap water. Mice were adapted to these conditions for 1 week. During adaptation the mice were healthy and none died or were injured.
Mice were separated into four groups of nine mice each: (1) normal fat diet (3.42 kcal/g; GB14924, Huafukang, China) with normal drinking water (control); (2) normal fat diet with 20% D-fructose (0.8 kcal/ml; Amresco, USA) drinking water (HFR); (3) high fat diet (5.24 kcal/g; D12492, Huafukang) with normal drinking water (HFA); and (4) high fat diet with 20% fructose drinking water (HFF). The compositions of the experimental diets are shown in Table 1. All mice received food and water ad libitum for 3 months. Body weight was monitored at 1 week intervals throughout the whole study. Food and water consumption were measured every two weeks. The energy efficiency of body weight was calculated as weight gained (mg) divided by energy intake (kcal) in the period from 0 to 4 weeks, 4 to 8 weeks and 8 to 12 weeks, respectively.