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2 protocols using butorphanol

1

Opioid Receptor Binding Assay

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Morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, butorphanol, levorphanol, nalbuphine, nalorphine, naltrexone, 6β-naltrexol, buprenorphine, pentazocine, and naloxone, were purchased from Cerilliant. Adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), dithiothreitol (DTT), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (Mops), Trizma base (Tris), isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), and silica gel thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates were from Sigma Chemical Company. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) cellulose TLC plates were from Brinkmann. Ecolume scintillation cocktail was purchased from MP Biomedical. Carrier-free sodium [35S]sulfate was from PerkinElmer. HepG2 human hepatoma cell line (ATCC HB-8065) was obtained from American Type Culture Collection. Pooled human lung S9 fraction, liver cytosol, small intestine (duodenum and jejunum) S9 fraction, and kidney S9 fraction were purchased from XenoTech, LLC. All other chemicals were of the highest grade commercially available.
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2

Chemical Sources for Pharmacological Assays

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(-)-Mitragynine (7) was obtained from Chiron (Trondheim, Norway). 2-methyl-AP-237 HCl (1), AP-237 HCl (2), trans-bromadol (3), brorphine HCl (4), isotonitazene (6), 7-OH-mitragynine (8) and piperidylthiambutene HCl (10) were purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, Michigan, US). Butorphanol (5), MT-45 (9) (as racemic mixture) and tianeptine (11) were kind gifts from Prof. V. Auwärter (University of Freiburg) and were originally obtained from Cerilliant (Round Rock, Texas, US), Lipomed AG (Arlesheim, Switzerland) and Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, Michigan, US), respectively. Hydromorphone (A) was purchased as hydrochloride salt from Fagron (Nazareth, Belgium). Fentanyl (B) was obtained from LGC Chemicals (Wesel, Germany). Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; GlutaMAX™), Opti-MEM® I reduced serum medium, penicillinstreptomycin (5 000 U/mL) and amphotericin B (250 µg/mL) were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Pittsburg, PA, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and poly-D-lysine were supplied by Sigma Aldrich (Overijse, Belgium). The Nano-Glo® Live Cell Assay system (containing the Nano-Glo® Live Cell Substrate and Nano-Glo® LCS Dilution Buffer) was procured from Promega (Madison, WI, USA).
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