Sixty identical zirconia specimens (Yeti-Dental, Digital Line, Germany) were fabricated using computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technology (Wieland Dental, Zenotec Select, Germany). The specimens were designed to be identical to a natural-size crown and to simulate the contour of the buccal surface of the lower second premolar with a stump base. The specimens underwent sintering for 9 h in a zirconia-sintering furnace (Programat S1, Ivoclar Vivadent), with temperature reaching 1500°C, for 2 h. A glaze layer (Glasur, Degudent) was applied to all the specimens and fired for 15 min in a ceramic furnace (ProFire 2 Press, Degudent). One specimen was mounted in a stone base, simulating its position in the oral cavity, and three industrial silicon molds (Catasil 21; Vertex, Switzerland) were made for this specimen. Each specimen was placed in its proper indentation in the mold, and chemical-cured acrylic resin (Meliodent, Heraeus Kulzer, Germany) was then poured to fill the mold. This procedure was repeated to obtain 60 identical specimens. All the specimens were bonded with stainless steel Discovery brackets #790-123-00 (Dentaurum GmbH, Ispringen, Germany) for a lower second premolar with a laser-structured base. The average surface area of the bonded bracket was 13.42 mm2.[15 (link)]
Programat s1
Manufactured by Ivoclar Vivadent
The Programat S1 is a dental laboratory furnace designed for the firing and crystallization of ceramic materials. It features a user-friendly interface, precise temperature and time control, and a compact design for efficient use in the dental laboratory.
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Lab products found in correlation
4 protocols using programat s1
1
Fabrication of Identical Zirconia Dental Specimens
2
Fabrication of Sintered Zirconia Specimens
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A set of fifteen rectangular ZrO2 blocks were obtained by employing a cutting technique on pre-sintered yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide blanks (IPS e.max ZirCAD; Ivoclar Vivadent, liechtenstein) with the use of a saw blade (Isomet 5000; Buehler Ltd., IL, USA). The dimensions of the blocks were measured to be 42 mm in length, 20 mm in width, and 7 mm in height. Subsequently, the ZrO2 blocks underwent the sintering process in a precisely calibrated furnace (Programat S1; Ivoclar Vivadent, liechtenstein), adhering to the prescribed instructions provided by the manufacturer. To achieve surface preparation, a wet-grinding technique was employed, utilizing 600-grit silicon-carbide abrasive paper. The specimens were then subjected to a period of immersion in distilled water for 5 min, before using an ultrasonicator for thorough cleaning and finally allowing specimens to air-dry.
3
Zirconia Slices Preparation for Microshear Bond Strength Evaluation
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One hundred twenty 1.5-mm-thick zirconia slices (7.5 × 6.0) were prepared for the microshear bond strength (µSBS) evaluation. Slices were obtained by cutting pre-sintered Y-TZP blocks (IPS e.max ZirCAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) with a sectioning machine (Isomet 1000 Low Speed, Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) using a diamond disc (Diamond Wafering Blade, Series 15LC diamond n° 11-4254, Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) at a speed of 275 rpm under constant water-cooling. Slices were washed in tap water to remove cutting debris, fixed in acrylic discs with wax and polished in a metallographic polishing machine (Arotec; Cotia, SP, Brazil) using water cooled silicon-carbide discs (#600, #800, #1200-grade K2000 Polishing Paper, Exakt GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany). Fine-grained felt disk with 1 μm polishing diamond solution (MetaDi water-based suspension, Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) were used to polish the ceramic slice and a final thickness of approximately 1.2 mm was obtained. After polishing, slices were ultrasonicated with deionized water for 5 min and dried in an incubator at 37 °C for 2 h. Slices were then sintered in a specific oven (Programat S1, Ivoclar Vivadent, AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) according to program 4 of the manufacturer’s recommendation for fast sintering.
4
Preparation and Characterization of Colored Zirconia Coupons
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A total of 80 presintered zirconia specimen coupons measuring 19 mm (W)×15 mm (L) ×3 mm (H) were made by cutting commercial zirconia blanks intended for CAD-CAM (IPS e. max ZirCAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) using a dental cast-cutting machine with a diamond disk (Cutter Plus, High Dental, Seoul, Korea). To establish the baseline condition, the surfaces of all the sample coupons were wet-ground with #180 SiC paper (Struers, Ballerup, Denmark), ultrasonicated in distilled water for 10 min, and then dried. The prepared zirconia coupons were divided into colored and uncolored groups (n=40). Forty specimens of the colored group were immersed in coloring liquid (CL1, Ivoclar Vivadent) for 2 min, washed in water, and then dried to make the colored specimens. Then, all the specimen coupons were subjected to a final sintering process in the furnace intended for ZirCAD (Programat S1, Ivoclar Vivadent) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Table 1 shows the materials used in the present study.
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