Mc 780ma s

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was performed with the body composition analyzer MC-780MA S (Tanita, Amsterdam, Netherlands), which performs 15 impedance measurements per patient, by measuring conductance of electrical current across five body segments (legs, arms, and whole body) at three frequencies each (5, 50, and 250 kHz). The following parameters were included in this analysis: weight, BMI, fat %, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), total body water (H₂O-TBW), extracellular water (ECW), intracellular water (ICW), ECW ratio normalized for H₂O-TBW (ECW/TBW), and metabolic age (MA).

When first arriving at the laboratory, the participants were tested for anthropometric parameters. The BM was measured using a bioelectric impedance scale (Tanita MC 780MA S, Tokyo, Japan), and height was measured using a wall-mounted measuring tape.

Testing was conducted at the health care centers by qualified researchers and research assistants. The participants performed two to three trials depending on their individual physical capacity. Time was measured using a stopwatch. For tests of physical function, participants were allowed to use mobility devices and/or the handrails of the chair if necessary. Participants' age and gender was registered, and height was measured using a stadiometer. Body mass was measured in light clothes using a Tanita weight (Tanita MC 780MA S, Illinois, USA) and body mass index (BMI) was calculated as kg/m².

Various anthropometrics of the grandparents were measured during the home visit, according to the guidelines of the International Society for the Advancement in Kinanthropometry [30 ]. Both body height (up to the nearest 0.1 cm) and body weight (up to the nearest 0.1 kg) were determined using a SECA 213 and TANITA MC-780MA S, respectively. From these results, participants’ body mass index (BMI, in kg/m²) was calculated, by dividing their body weight by their squared body height. Furthermore, a self-report questionnaire was used to obtain socio-demographic information about the grandparents and their grandchild(ren). Participants’ date of birth, sex and employment status were questioned, as well as the number of grandchildren within the family at the moment of the home visit and the corresponding birth date and biological sex of each of these grandchildren. The socio-economic status (SES) of the grandparents was estimated based on their highest educational attainment [31 (link)]. Participants who completed higher educational studies were classified as ‘higher SES’, while those with lower educational attainment were categorized as ‘lower SES’ [31 (link)].

All of the anthropometric measurements were conducted in the morning in a fasting state by the same specialist. Barefoot height was measured using a portable stadiometer (Tanita, HR001, Tokyo, Japan). Body mass (BM) and composition were measured using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer (Tanita, MC-780MA S, Tokyo, Japan). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as BM (kg)/height² (m²).

Height was measured without shoes using a stadiometer. Body composition (body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat, and fat free mass) was measured barefooted and in light clothes with bioelectrical impedance analysis using a Tanita weight (Tanita MC 780MA S, Illinois, USA). Participants with a pacemaker did not perform the bioelectrical impedance analysis.

The assessment of anthropometric parameters includes weight, height, calf and upper arm circumference as well as body composition, e.g. skeletal muscle mass, measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (Tanita MC-780 MA S; Tanita Europe B.V., Netherlands).