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53 protocols using dinitrosalicylic acid

1

Enzymatic Assay for β(1,3) Glucanase

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The activity of β(1,3) glu was determined with laminarin dinitrosalicylate method described by Abeles and Forrence (1970) with a small amount of modification. The reaction mixture consisted of 35 l 4% laminarin (Merk, Germany) that was dissolved in 0.05 mM sodium acetate buffer with pH = 5 and 30 µl extract of plant was incubated at 40°C. After 30 minutes, the reaction mixture was terminated by adding 187 l of dinitro-salicylic acid reagent (DNS, prepared by adding 300 mL of 4.5% NaOH to 880 mL containing 8.8 g dinitrosalicylic acid (Merck, Germany) and 22 g potassium sodium tartrate) and it was heated for 5 minutes and the reaction mixture was diluted with 2 mL of distilled water and it was vortexed. The absorbance of resultant color at 500 nm was recoded. A standard curve relating absorbance at 500 nm to glucose concentration was used to measurement the activity of enzyme which was expressed as milligram glucose equivalent released per (mg) total protein per minute (Anguelova-Merhar et al., 2001) .
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2

Cellulose Enzyme Activity Assay

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Media used in this study were Luria Bertani medium (1 g trypton, 0.5 g bacto yeast extract and 1 g NaCl); dinitrosalicylic acid (C4H4KNaO6.4H2O), (Merck); Natriumhydroxide (NaOH), (Merck); 3,5 - dinitrosalicylic acid, (Sigma); Sodium Sulfite (Na2SO3), citric acid, Na2HPO4.7H2O, NaHPO4, p-nitrophenyl cellobioside (PNPC), carboximethyl cellulose (CMC), p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glukopiranoside (pNPG), p-nitrophenol.
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3

Yeast α-Glucosidase and Porcine α-Amylase Assay

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-glucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.20), porcine pancreatic α-amylase (E.C. 3.2.1.1), p-nitrophenyl glucopyranoside (pNPG) and p-nitrophenol were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich through Capital Lab Supplies, New Germany, South Africa. Starch, dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS), maltose, absolute ethanol and ethyl acetate were obtained from Merck Chemical Company, Durban, South Africa.
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4

Phytochemical and Bioactive Evaluation

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n-Hexane, DCM, EtOAc, MeOH, acetone, and dinitro salicylic acid (DNS) were obtained from Merck. DPPH, 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), ascorbic acid, ferric chloride (FeCl3), and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) were purchased from the Hi-Media Laboratories. Pancreatic α-amylase was obtained from Sisco Research. Lab Pvt. Ltd. DTNB, acetylcholine iodide (AChI), 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine hydrochloride (tacrine hydrochloride), ABTS, and AChE were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). All the chemicals were of analytical grade.
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5

Corn Cob-based Enzymatic Hydrolysis

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Carboxymethyl cellulose, birch wood xylan, 2,2′-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid] (ABTS), dinitrosalicylic acid, sodium-potassium tartrate, bovine serum albumin (BSA), manganese sulphate, copper sulphate, tyrosine, leucine, cellobiose, avicel, xylose, tryptophan, aspartate, glutamate, hydrogen peroxide, and media components were products of Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Corn cob was purchased from a local market. The corn cob was sun-dried and powdered into fine particles which was utilized as carbon source in the basal media. Further processing on the powdered corn cob was carried out using standard sieve to an average size of 1 mm. All other chemicals used were of analytical grade.
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6

Carbohydrate Assay Reagent Preparation

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Standards d-glucose (>99.5% purity) and sulfanilic acid (>99% purity) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA), sodium nitrate (>99% purity) from Scharlab (Barcelona, Spain) and bovine serum albumin (Quick Start BSA) from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA, USA). All other chemicals used were reagent grade: ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid disodium salt, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, Triton-X100, dinitrosalicylic acid, sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate and methanol were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich and chloroform, sodium hydroxide, 98% sulfuric acid and 48% hydrofluoric acid were purchased from Sharlab.
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7

PLGA Protein Encapsulation Protocol

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PLGA 2A (lactide/glycolide = 50/50, MW: 12,000) was purchased from Surmodic Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Birmingham, AL, USA. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) (MW: 66,446 KDa), α-amylase (MW: 97,000), dinitrosalicylic acid and PEG4000 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ammonium hydrogen carbonate (NH4HCO3), ammonium sulfate, trehalose, phenol, and other reagents were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China), analytically pure.
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8

Enzymatic Extraction of Protein-Enriched Compounds

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Jelly fig (Ficus awkeotsang Makino) and, pea (Pisum sativum L.) for PE extraction, were purchased from a local market in Taipei, Taiwan. Soy protein was from Gemfont (Taipei). Methylene blue and sodium chloride were from Riedel-de Haën (Seelze, Germany). Acetone, methanol, hydrochloride solution and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-casein were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Trypsin solution was from ThermoFisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Pancreatic α-amylase was from Megazyme (Bray, Ireland). Methyl red was from Ferak (Berlin, Germany). Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP), ninhydrin, pectin, lipase, tannase, tannic acid, Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, sodium carbonate, dinitrosalicylic acid, bovine serum albumin (BSA) were from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The DIAION® HP-20 macroporous resin was from Mitsubishi Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). All chemicals were of reagent grade.
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9

Quantification of Enzyme Activity

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All enzyme substrates, the Bradford reagent, and the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (Sigma-Aldrich,
www.sigmaaldrich.com). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and potassium iodine (KI) were respectively purchased from Roche Co. (Roche,
www.roche.com) and Merck Co. (Merck,
www.merck.com). Iodine (I2
)was obtained from Maarssen Co.
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10

Bioreactor Cultivation and Analysis

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A stirred tank reactor-STR and SCBBR was bought from Bioengineering Inc, Germany. Spectrophotometer, GC column CP-WAX 58, Gas chromatography HP 5890 series II, where from Hewlett-Packard, Avondale, PA, USA. All other chemicals, including yeast extract nitrogen base without amino acid, ammonium acetate, amino acid mixture, sodium alginate, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, chitosan, hydrochloric acid, potassium sodium tartrate, dinitro salicylic acid (DNS), n-butanol, ethyl acetate, glucose, peptone, yeast extract, agar, sodium hydroxide were of analytical grades and purchased directly from Sigma (USA) and Applichem (Germany).
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