6 hydroxy 2 5 7 8 tetramethylchromane 2 carboxylic acid trolox

l-Fucose, ascorbic acid, d-glucose, phenol, gallic acid, Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent (2 M), citric acid, acetic acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium acetate, ferric chloride, sodium phosphate dibasic, methanol, triton™ X-100, sulfuric acid (95%–97%), l-cysteine, potassium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (trolox) were purchased from SIGMA (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA). Ultrapure water was used in all the extraction procedures and chemical analyses.

1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), Folin & Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, 2,4,6-tris-(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈), and gallic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃ 6H₂O), hydrochloric acid (HCl), methanol (MeOH), sodium phosphate monobasic (NaH₂PO₄) and sodium phosphate dibasic (Na₂HPO₄) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

Mulberry leaf was bought from Anhui Tongjuntang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Bozhou, China). Fresh bamboo leaf was obtained in Guangzhou city (Guangzhou, China) and then was dried in air. The kombucha starter culture was purchased from Shandong Ruyun Edible Fungus Planting Co., Ltd. (Liaocheng, China).
Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, gallic acid, 2,20-azinobis (3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine (TPTZ), and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetic acid, ethanol, hydrochloric acid, iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate, iron(III) chloride hexahydrate, potassium persulfate, and sodium acetate were procured from Tianjin Chemical Factory (Tianjin, China). Sodium carbonate was bought from Shanghai Yuanye Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Sucrose, methanol, and formic acid were purchased from Macklin Chemical Factory (Shanghai, China). The standard chemicals, involving astragalin, chlorogenic acid, caffeine, ellagic acid, epicatechin, gallic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, quercitrin, isovitexin, luteolin-6-C-glucoside, and rutin, were obtained from Derick Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China).

The chemical Gallic acid, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2-azinobs-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), and the Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All chemicals used in the experiments were of analytical grade.

Methanol (HPLC or MS grade), ethanol, formic acid, acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide (30% solution), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), Folin–Ciocalteau’s reagent, 2-deoxy-D-ribose, sodium nitrite, sodium nitroprusside, potassium persulfate, sodium molybdate, aluminum chloride (III), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ascorbic acid, sulfanilamide, N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and standards of rosmarinic acid, catechin, luteolin, apigenin, and ursolic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich/Merck (Algés, Portugal). Caffeic acid was obtained from Extrasynthese^® (Genay, France). Oleanolic acid was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Frilabo; Porto, Portugal). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), sodium pyruvate, penicillin, streptomycin, versene, L-glutamine, trypsin-EDTA, and foetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Gibco (Alfagene, Invitrogen, Portugal). Alamar Blue^® was obtained from Invitrogen, Life-Technologies (Porto, Portugal).

Bilberry anthocyanin-rich dry extract, Anthocyan^®, was supplied by Ferlux SA (Cournon d’Auvergne, France). Methanol was of analytical grade and purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents SAS (Val-de-Reuil, France). Acetonitrile (MeCN) was of chromatographic grade (Carlo Erba Reagents SAS, Val-de-Reuil, France). All aqueous solutions were prepared with pure water produced by Milli-Q water (18.2 MΩ) system (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Phosphoric acid (purity 85%) was purchased from VWR Prolabo (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France). Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside chloride, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside chloride, cyanidin 3-O-galactoside chloride, petunidin 3-O-glucoside chloride, peonidin 3-O-glucoside chloride, malvidin 3-O-glucoside chloride, and malvidin 3-O-galactoside chloride were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Aminoguanidine chloride, MGO (40% in water), bovine serum albumin (BSA), D-ribose, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) and DPPH were bought from Sigma–Aldrich Chemical (Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France). MGO and DPPH radical solutions were freshly prepared every day and kept protected from light.