Sodium hydrosulfite

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Sodium hydrosulfite is a white, crystalline compound with the chemical formula Na2S2O4. It is a powerful reducing agent commonly used in various industrial and laboratory applications. The core function of sodium hydrosulfite is to act as a reducing agent, facilitating chemical reactions and processes that require the removal of oxygen or the reduction of other substances.

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Sodium hydrosulfite (Na2S2O4) (3 citations)

17 protocols using sodium hydrosulfite

Graphene Synthesis and Textile Functionalization

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Flake graphite grade 3061 and grade 2736
were kindly supplied by Asbury Graphite Mills, USA, and Graphexel
Limited, UK, respectively. Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS, M_w ∼70 000, powder), sodium deoxycholate
(SDC), l-ascorbic acid (∼99%), sodium hydrosulfite
(∼82%), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA, M_w ∼31 000–50 000, 98–99%), ammonia,
potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, ∼99%), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, ∼30%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, UK,
and used as received. Surface-pretreated (scoured and bleached) 100%
cotton yarn from the University of Manchester textiles laboratory
was used.

Afroj S., Karim N., Wang Z., Tan S., He P., Holwill M., Ghazaryan D., Fernando A, & Novoselov K.S. (2019). Engineering Graphene Flakes for Wearable Textile Sensors via Highly Scalable and Ultrafast Yarn Dyeing Technique. ACS Nano, 13(4), 3847-3857.

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Synthesis of Halogenated Monomers

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1,2-Dibromeoethane (99%), 1,3-dibromopropane (99%), 1,4-dibromobutane (99%), 1,5-dibromopentane (97%), 1,6-dibromohexane (98%), 1,7-dibromopentane (97%), 1,8-dibromooctane (98%), hydroquinone (99%), sodium hydrosulfite (technical grade), sodium sulfite (98%), 3-chloroperbenzoic acid (≤77%), thionyl chloride (99%), allyl bromide (99%), 4-hydroxybezoic acid (99%), and pyridine (anhydrous, 99.8%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and used without further purification. Sodium bicarbonate (99%), magnesium sulfate anhydrous (99%), sodium chloride (99%), hexanes (98.5%), ethyl acetate (99.5%) and ethyl ether anhydrous (99%), and methanol (ACS grade) were purchased from Fisher Chemical and used without further purification. Chloroform (HPLC grade), methylene chloride (HPLC), and acetonitrile (anhydrous), was purchased from Fisher Chemical and stored with activated molecular sieves to remove water. Sodium sulfate anhydrous (99%) and potassium hydroxide (85%) were purchased from Oakwood Chemical and used without further purification. Hydrochloric acid (10M) was purchased from Ricca Chemical and used without further purification. Sulfuric acid (95%) was purchases from VWR analytical and used without further purification. Ethanol anhydrous (99.9%) was purchased from Decon and used without further purification. Synthesis details of C_x diepoxy monomer is shown in SI Appendix.

Lv G., Shen C., Shan N., Jensen E., Li X., Evans C.M, & Cahill D.G. (2022). Odd–even effect on the thermal conductivity of liquid crystalline epoxy resins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(46), e2211151119.

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Spectroscopic Characterization of Heme Proteins

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UV-vis absorption spectra were collected aerobically at room temperature with a Shimadzu UV-1800 spectrophotometer using UVProbe 2.43 software. Spectra were obtained in the elution buffer used for affinity purification. Quantitation of total heme levels were determined using 50 μg of air-oxidized purified protein with collection from 360–800 nm. Absorbance of the Soret peaks were normalized to wildtype. Spectral characterization of “as purified” and reduced proteins were collected from 360–800 nm using a protein concentration that resulted in a minimum Soret absorbance of 0.2. Reduced spectra were generated chemically by addition of solid sodium dithionite (sodium hydrosulfite, Sigma-Aldrich) to the sample. Pyridine hemochrome spectra were performed as previously described [56 (link)]. Briefly, a protein concentration that resulted in a Soret absorbance of at least 0.3 was used and 0.5 M NaOH and pyridine were added to the sample to final concentrations of 100 mM NaOH and 20% pyridine (v/v). Samples were chemically reduced as above and spectra were recorded from 500–600 nm.

Sutherland M.C., Jarodsky J.M., Ovchinnikov S., Baker D, & Kranz R.G. (2018). Structurally Mapping Endogenous Heme in the CcmCDE Membrane Complex for Cytochrome c Biogenesis. Journal of molecular biology, 430(8), 1065-1080.

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Enzymatic Biofuel Cell Components

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Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH; flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent) from Aspergillus oryzae was purchased from Toyobo Enzyme, Inc. (Japan). The glucose oxidase (GOD; FAD-dependent) from Aspergillus niger was purchased from Amano Enzyme, Inc. (Japan). The activity of the anode enzymes was certificated by the company (GDH = 584 U/mg, GOD = 243 U/mg). Bilirubin oxidase (BOD; 25 U/mg) from Myrothecium verrucaria, poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE), sodium hydrosulfite, 1-vinylimidazole, acrylamide, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl ethylenediamine, and ammonium persulfate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (Milwaukee, WI, USA). All other solutions including phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were prepared using deionized Milli-Q water (DW; Millipore, Japan). PAA-PVI-[Os(dmo-bpy)₂Cl]^+/2+ (−0.012 V vs. Ag/AgCl) and PAA-PVI-[Os(dCl-bpy)₂Cl]^+/2+ (0.355 V vs. Ag/AgCl) as anode and cathode mediators were synthesized by modifying previously described methods (Fig. S2A)^{31 (link)}.

Jeon W.Y., Lee J.H., Dashnyam K., Choi Y.B., Kim T.H., Lee H.H., Kim H.W, & Kim H.H. (2019). Performance of a glucose-reactive enzyme-based biofuel cell system for biomedical applications. Scientific Reports, 9, 10872.

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Lipid Bilayer Membrane Characterization

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Porcine brain sphingomyelin (SM); 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC); 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE); 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-L-serine (POPS); cholesterol (CHOL) and 1-palmitoyl-2-6-[(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]hexanoyl- phosphatidylcholine (C₆-NBD-PC) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). [³H]-cholesterol was purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals, Inc (St. Louis, MO). Lipids were dissolved in chloroform and stored at −20°C. Concentrations of lipids were measured by dry weight. (2-hydroxypropyl)-α-cyclodextrin (HPαCD) average molecular weight 1180, 1 M 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid in water (TNBS) and sodium hydrosulfite (sodium dithionite) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). LW peptide (acetyl-K₂W₂L₈AL₈W₂K₂-amide) and pL4A18 peptide (acetyl-K₂LA₉LWLA₉LK₂-amide) were purchased from Anaspec (San Jose, CA) and used without further purification. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HP-TLC) plates (Silica Gel 60) were purchased from VWR International (Batavia, IL).

Lin Q, & London E. (2014). Preparation of Artificial Plasma Membrane Mimicking Vesicles with Lipid Asymmetry. PLoS ONE, 9(1), e87903.

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Cellular Oxygen Consumption Measurement

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Cellular oxygen consumption rates were measured in 4 cell lines using a water-jacketed (37°C) anaerobic chamber fitted with a fiber optic oxygen sensor (INSTECH Model 110 Optic Oxygen Monitor). The fiber optic probe was calibrated with 15mM sodium hydrosulfite (Sigma) corresponding to 0% oxygen, and cell culture media corresponding to 20.9% oxygen.

Garon E.B., Christofk H.R., Hosmer W., Britten C.D., Bahng A., Crabtree M.J., Hong C.S., Kamranpour N., Pitts S., Kabbinavar F., Patel C., von Euw E., Black A., Michelakis E.D., Dubinett S.M, & Slamon D.J. (2014). Dichloroacetate should be considered with platinum-based chemotherapy in hypoxic tumors rather than as a single agent in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology, 140(3), 443-452.

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Recycled Polyester Fabric Dyeing and Sensing

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N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%, Samchun Chemicals, Republic of Korea) and tetrahydrofuran (THF, 99.8%, Samchun Chemicals Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) were employed for dyeing and vapor sensing. Sodium hydroxide (97.0%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and sodium hydrosulfite (82%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) were applied for reduction clearing. Terephthalaldehyde (99%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and 2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetonitrile (98%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) were used for synthesis. t-Butyl alcohol (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), dichloromethane (99.8%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA), and methanol (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) were used as solvents. Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was used as a catalyst. All chemicals were used without further purification. The recycled polyester fabric (KOHASID, Republic of Korea) was purified with power gel detergent (Persil, Republic of Korea) at 80 °C for 20 min before use.

Hong S.G., Oh B.M., Kim J.H, & Lee J.U. (2024). Textile-Based Adsorption Sensor via Mixed Solvent Dyeing with Aggregation-Induced Emission Dyes. Materials, 17(8), 1745.

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Protein Separation and Identification

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Sephacryl S-200 HR and sodium hydrosulfite were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich chemicals Co., Sweden. The disposable PD-10 columns, IPG strips, DTT, Iodoacetamide, Acrylamide, Bis-Acrylamide, Glycine, Methanol, Glacial Acetic acid, β-mercaptoenthanol and Coomassie blue, were obtained from GE Health Care. HNE was obtained from Cayman Chemical Company. Dialysis tubing was sourced from Spectrum laboratories, Inc. (Rancho Domingues, CA, USA). OFFGEL starter kit was procured from Agilent Technologies. All chemicals were of reagent grade or greater purity.

Maheswarappa N.B., Rani K.U., Kumar Y.P., Kulkarni V.V, & Rapole S. (2016). Proteomic based approach for characterizing 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal induced oxidation of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and goat (Capra hircus) meat myoglobins. Proteome Science, 14, 18.

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Oxidative Stress Biomarker Analysis

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Horse heart myoglobin, 30% H₂O₂,
3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB),
2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS),
(±)-6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox C),
caffeic acid, resveratrol, L-tyrosine, nitro-tyrosine, chloro-tyrosine,
indole-3-carbinol, saliciylic acid, levodopa (L-DOPA), dopamine, lipoic acid,
methanol, NaOCl, acetaldehyde, oleic acid, linoleic acid, dinitrophenylhydrazine
(DNPH), horseradish peroxidase, sodium cyanide, tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
(TCEP), sodium hydrosulfite, 2-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanesulfonic
acid (HEPES), NaF, sodium cyanide (NaCN), leupeptin, aprotinin, pepstatin,
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), reduced β-Nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NADH), Triton X-100, catalase, and bovine glutathione peroxidase
(GPx) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Corporation (St. Louis, MO). Ascorbic
acid and 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) were from ICN
Biomedicals Inc. (Aurora, OH). Perchloric acid was from Fisher Scientific
(Waltham, MA). Reduced β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
(NADPH) was from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY). Dihydrolipoic acid was
from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA). Ethanol was from Pharmco-AAPER (Shelbyville,
KY). Sodium azide was from Acros (New Jersey, USA). Ethyl acetate was from
BioQuip (Rancho Dominguez, CA).

Mannino M.H., Patel R.S., Eccardt A.M., Perez Magnelli R.A., Robinson C.L., Janowiak B.E., Warren D.E, & Fisher J.S. (2019). Myoglobin as a versatile peroxidase: Implications for a more important role for vertebrate striated muscle in antioxidant defense. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology, 234, 9-17.

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Cloning and Purification of PaDGHD

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The PaD2HGDH pET20b(+) plasmid harboring the PA0317 gene was designed in-lab and purchased from GenScript. The plasmid was sequenced to verify the presence of the wildtype gene. E. coli strain Rosetta(DE3)pLysS was from Novagen. Bovine serum albumin was purchased from Promega. Luria–Bertani (LB) agar, LB broth, chloramphenicol, IPTG, lysozyme, sodium hydrosulfite (dithionite), PMS, and PMSF were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich. Ampicillin was purchased from ICN Biomedicals. d-2-hydroxyglutarate was purchased from MilliporeSigma. d-malate was purchased from Alfa Aesar. EDTA, glycerol, and all other reagents were of the highest purity commercially available.

Quaye J.A, & Gadda G. (2023). Uncovering Zn2+ as a cofactor of FAD-dependent Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 d-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 299(3), 103007.

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