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25 protocols using sc 418

1

Western Blot Analysis of Rho GTPases

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Proteins were extracted from cells with a lysis buffer containing 50 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 5 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, 0.25% Triton X-100 and 1 mM DTT. Protease inhibitors (Complete protease inhibitor cocktail, Roche) and phosphatase inhibitors (50 mM NaF, 1 mM Na3VO4) were added to the basic buffer. Twenty microgram proteins were electrophoresed on a SDS-polyacrylamide gel and transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane. After a one-hour blocking in Tris buffered saline Tween 0.1% (TBST) containing 5% milk, membranes were incubated overnight at 4 °C with mouse monoclonal RhoA (Santa Cruz, sc-418, 1:1000), rabbit polyclonal RhoB (Santa Cruz, sc-180, 1:1000) and tubulin (Santa Cruz, 1:500) primary antibodies. Membranes were then washed three times in TBST and incubated for one hour with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (1:2000). Detection was then performed with the ECL detection system (GE Healthcare).
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2

Fractional Subcellular Extraction and Immunoblotting of Rat MAB

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The rat MAB was homogenized in lysis buffer containing 50 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH
7.4), 2.5 mmol/L EDTA, 5 mmol/L EGTA, and protease inhibitor. Homogenates were
centrifuged at 100,000 × g for 1 h, at 4ºC. The supernatant (cytosolic
fraction) was collected. The pellet, containing the particulate fraction, was
resuspended in lysis buffer containing 1% Triton X-100 and centrifuged at 10,000
× g for 10 min at 4 °C. Membranes were then incubated with specific
antibodies for RhoA (diluted 1:1000, sc-418, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas,
TX, USA) or p47phox (diluted 1:500, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) as previously
published.21 (link)
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3

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Expressions

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Protein extracts were separated on NuPAGE 4–12% Bis-Tris pre-cast gels (Invitrogen) for 1 h at 200 V and transferred onto a methanol-activated PVDF membrane at 400 mA for 1 h. The following primary antibodies were used: anti-Myc (rabbit polyclonal, 1/4000, Sigma-Aldrich C3956), anti-Otx2 (rabbit monoclonal, 1/2000, Abcam ab92326), anti-RhoA (mouse monoclonal, 1/200, Santa Cruz sc418). Membranes were imaged with a LAS-4000 gel imager (Fujifilm) and quantified by densitometry with ImageJ.
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4

Western Blot Validation of Knockdown Experiments

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For verification of knockdown experiments, cells were lysed in RIPA buffer 48 h after transfection. Extracted proteins were separated by 4–20% SDS-PAGE (Thermo Fisher Scientific), transferred to PVDF membranes (Bio-Rad Laboratories), incubated at 75 V for 2 h, and blocked for 1 h with 5% nonfat milk (Bio-Rad Laboratories) or BSA (Sigma-Aldrich). The PVDF membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with appropriate antibodies: anti-ARF1 (dilution 1:1,000; ab108347; Abcam); anti-ARF6 (dilution 1:1,000; ab77581; Abcam); anti-ARNO (dilution 1:1,000; ab56510; Abcam); anti–cytohesin 1 (dilution 1:500; MABT14; EMD Millipore); anti–α-tubulin (dilution 1:3,000; T6199; Sigma-Aldrich); anti-βCOP (dilution 1:1,000; ab2899; Abcam); anti-HA (dilution 1:1,000; 2367; Cell Signaling Technology); anti-Cdc42 (dilution 1:1,000; 2462; Cell Signaling Technology); anti-RhoA (dilution 1:1,000; sc-418; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.); anti-Rac1 (dilution 1:1,000; 610650; BD); and anti–NM myosin-IIA (dilution 1:1,000; M8064; Sigma-Aldrich).
After three washes (10 min each), appropriate secondary antibodies conjugated with HRP (Bio-Rad Laboratories) were incubated with the membrane for 1 h, washed three times (15 min at RT), and detected by ECL Western blotting substratum (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using CL-Xposure film (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
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5

Western Blot Analysis of RhoA and Actin

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Western blot analyses were performed as described previously [7 (link)]. Briefly, complete lysate proteins were separated using 15% SDS-PAGE and subsequently transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes (GE Healthcare UK Limited, Buckinghamshire, UK) and blocked with 5% (w/v) non-fat dried milk (Sucofin TSI GmbH, Zeven, Germany). For Western blot analysis the following primary antibodies were used: RhoA was identified using a mouse monoclonal IgG from Santa Cruz Biotechnologies sc-418 (Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and Actin (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Munich, Germany) was used as loading control. For the chemiluminescence reaction, ECL Femto (Pierce, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Rockford, IL, USA) was used. All signals were analyzed densitometrically using the KODAK 1D software (Version 3.5, KODAK GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany, 2001) and normalized to β-Actin signals.
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6

RhoA GTPase Activity Assay

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The suspension and attached osteoclasts from adhesion assay were lysed in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 500 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl2, 1% Triton X-100, and protease inhibitors (4 µg/ml leupeptin, 5 µg/ml apropeptin, 1 mM PMSF, 5 mM NaF, 5 mM sodium orthovanadate and protease inhibitor cocktail). Cell lysates were clarified by centrifugation at 15 000 g at 4 °C for 10 min. Equal volumes of lysates were incubated with 50 µg GST–RBD fusion protein at 4 °C for 1 hr while rotating. After pulldown, the beads were centrifuged at 250 g for 2 min and 4 °C and then washed five times with a buffer containing 50 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl2, 1% Triton X-100, 10 µg/ml leupeptin, 10 µg/ml apropeptin and 1 mM PMSF. The pulled down active RhoA proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting against RhoA (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-418). ImageJ was used to quantify the immunoblot band density that reflects the amount of proteins, and the relative amount of GTP-bound RhoA was normalized to the total amount of RhoA in cell lysates for the comparison of RhoA activity in different samples.
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7

Analyzing Plac8 Protein Localization

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The following antibodies were used: rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against the c-terminal 16 amino acids of murine Plac8 (Ledford et al., 2007 (link)) (Pocono Rabbit Farm & Laboratories, Inc.), rabbit polyclonal anti-β-Tubulin antibody (H-235, Santa Cruz), rat monoclonal anti-Lamp2 antibody (GL2A7, Abcam), mouse monoclonal anti-Rab7 antibody (R8779, Sigma), rabbit polyclonal anti-LC3B antibody (L7543, Sigma), mouse monoclonal anti-RhoA antibody (sc-418, Santa Cruz), goat polyclonal anti-Cathepsin D antibody (sc-6486, Santa Cruz), guinea pig polyclonal anti-p62 antibody (GP62-C, PROGEN), mouse monoclonal anti-3xFlag antibody and HRP-conjugated anti-3xFlag antibody (F2426 and A8592, Sigma), rabbit polyclonal anti-Rab5 antibody (ab18211, Abcam), rabbit polyclonal anti-Atg12 antibody (A8731, Sigma), EGFR antibody (sc 03).
The following compounds were used: bafilomycin A1 (Sigma B1793), chloroquine (Sigma 6628), cycloheximide (Sigma C7698, Lysosensor Yellow Blue DND-160 and DCF-DA (Molecular Probes, L-7545 and C6827, respectively).
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8

Immunohistochemical Profiling of Metastatic LUAD

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IHC assays were performed to detect the expression of ALPL, p-ERK, c-Myc and RhoA in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded metastatic lung tumor tissues of mice injected with LUAD cells. Specific antibodies against ALPL (GTTX100817, Genetex), p-ERK1/2 (4370S, CST), c-Myc (sc-764, Santa Cruz) and RhoA (sc-418, Santa Cruz) were used for IHC staining, which were performed using a kit from Boster Bio-Engineering Company (SA1022; Wuhan, China).  Immunostained images were captured with the Nikon Eclipse Ni microsystem (DS-Ri2) and analyzed with Image-Pro Plus version 6.0 (Media Cybernetics, Rockville, MD, USA) by calculating the integrated optical density (IOD) of each stained area (IOD/area). At least five images per specimen were counted.
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9

Intestinal Tumor Characterization in Mice

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The intestine of 13-week-old mice was dissected and fixed in 4% formalin. The number and size of macroscopically visible tumors was scored under a dissecting microscope (OLYMPUS SZH stereozoom microscope, magnification 7.5×) before paraffin inclusion. For immunohistochemistry (IHC), the NovoLink polymer detection system (Novocastra Laboratories) was used. For assessment of proliferation animals were i.p. injected with 100mg/Kg bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) 2 h before being sacrificed and the number of cells in S-phase was determined by anti-BrdU immunostaining (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank) following antigen retrieval with 10 mM citrate buffer pH 6.0. For assessment of apoptosis, the percentage of active-Caspase 3 positive cells was determined (antigen retrieval in 1mM EDTA pH9.0 at 95°C for 20 minutes; AF835; R&D Biosystems; 1:500). RHOA immunostaining was carried out with mouse monoclonal anti-RHOA (Santa Cruz; SC-418; 1:500) as previously described 28 (link). RHOA staining levels were scored in a semi-quantitative scale from 0 (absence of RHOA immunostaining) to 3 (highest immunostaining). E-cadherin and β-catenin immunostaining was carried out after antigen retrieval with 10 mM citrate buffer pH 6.0 (BD Transduction; 610181 and 610154, respectively; both used at a 1:100 dilution).
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10

Investigating Rho Signaling in Axons

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To investigate colocalization of RhoA protein with RhoA mRNA and activated Rho in axons near the transection site, serial sagittal paraffin-sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated, and washed in PBS then processed for ISH, GST-RBD as above, and RhoA immunostaining. For RhoA immunostaining, antigen retrieval was performed - sections were immersed in sodium citrate buffer (10 mM sodium citrate, pH 6.0) and microwaved for 20 min, then allowed to cool in room temperature for 20 min. Sections were rinsed in PBS twice for 5 min/each and blocked (10% FBS in PBS with 0.2% Tween-20) for 10 min at room temperature and incubated with anti-RhoA (SC-418, Santa Cruz) in blocking buffer 1:200 at 4 °C overnight. Sections were washed 3 times with PBS, and then incubated with an ABC kit (VECTASTAIN, Vector laboratories), as per the manufacturer’s protocol. The sections were dehydrated and mounted in Permount.
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