Cells were incubated with an anti-Arl13b antibody (Proteintech. Rosemont, IL, USA. Cat# 17711-1-AP, RRID:AB_2060867) overnight at 4 °C. Then, slides were incubated for 1 h with an Alexa Fluor 568 labeled goat anti-mouse IgG antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific. Waltham, MA, USA. Cat# A-11031, RRID: AB_144696). Finally, cell nuclei were counterstained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and analyzed in a Leica Sp5 confocal microscope (Leica Biosystems. Wetzlar, Germany).
The frequency of cilia was estimated manually by analyzing Z-stacked images captured in a confocal microscope. The frequency of ciliated cells was estimated by analyzing the relative number of PC vs. the number of nuclei. A total of 1307 nuclei in non-stimulated cells and 1372 nuclei in stimulated cells were analyzed. The PC length was measured using the ROI measurement tool of ImageJ 1.52i software (National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, MD, USA) for a total of 576 cilia in non-stimulated and 302 in stimulated cells.