Sulfuric acid

Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, 99.99%), 2-methylimidazole (98%) and nitric acid (HNO₃, 65–68%) were purchased from Aladdin. Perchloric acid (HClO₄, 70–72%), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, A.R.), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36–38%), acetic acid (CH₃COOH, 99.5%), methanol (CH₃OH, A.R.), ethanol (C₂H₅OH, A.R.), sodium nitrite (NaNO₂, A.R.) and sodium acetate anhydrous (CH₃COONa, A.R.) were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, C₈H₂₀O₄Si, 99%) was obtained from Innochem. Ferrous acetate (Fe(C₂H₃O₂)₂, 95%) was purchased from J&K Chemicals. 1,10-phenanthroline and sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 95%) were obtained from Macklin. Commercial Pt/C (40 wt%) was obtained from BASF. Nafion alcohol (5 wt%, D520) was obtained from Aldrich. Nafion 211 membrane was obtained from DuPont. All chemicals were used without further purification. All aqueous solutions were prepared using deionized (DI) water with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ.

PSM was purchased from Tianhua Ecological Agriculture Development Co., Ltd. in October 2019. Hydrogen peroxide 30% was obtained from Tianli Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Salicylic acid was purchased from Baishi Chemical Co., Ltd. Ferric sulfate, ascorbic acid (Vc), and acetic acid were purchased from Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd. Hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid were obtained from the Beijing Chemical Factory. Ethanol, ethyl acetate, sodium nitrite, and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Beilian Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. DPPH and ABTS were obtained from Fuyang Manlin Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Chitosan and sodium alginate were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Calcium carbonate was purchased from Fuchen Chemical Reagent Factory. Calcium chloride was obtained from Yongsheng Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. Potassium persulfate was purchased from Shengao Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Rutin was purchased from Nanjing Aoduofuni Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Aluminum nitrate was purchased from Chengdu Cologne Chemical Co., Ltd. AB‐8 MR was purchased from Guangfu Fine Chemical Research Institute. Water was purified by the Milli‐Q system (UPH‐II‐20T; Ulupure).

Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by modified two steps Hummers’ method. 200 mesh natural graphite oxide flakes (Alfa Aesar), sulfuric acid (Beijing Chemical works), and phosphorus pentoxide (Beijing Chemical works) were used for synthesizing preoxidized GO. Then, they were further oxidized in the sodium nitrate (Beijing Chemical works) and potassium permanganate (Aladdin Industrial Corporation) under low temperature (less than 20 °C), and further oxidized under middle temperature (35 °C) and high temperature (90 °C). Then, the solution was diluted with distilled water, followed by adding 30% hydrogen peroxide, purified in dialysis tubes for a week, and dried through freeze drying method. GO was exfoliated in distilled water for 5 h by bath sonication (80 W), followed by centrifugation, 2 times, at 3500 r.p.m to remove the un‐exfoliated GO, finally GO dispersions with concentrations of about 1 mg mL⁻¹ were obtained. Three GO samples with different oxidation degree were obtained by modifying the reaction time for middle and high temperature.

Analytical purity: sulfuric acid, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium bicarbonate (Beijing Chemical Factory, Beijing, China); tannic acid (Tianjin Guangfu Fine Chemical Research Institute, Tianjin, China); Folin-Denis reagent (US sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA); anhydrous sodium carbonate (Tianjin Hengxing Chemical Reagent Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China); glacial acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, anhydrous ethanol, sodium hydroxide, phosphoric acid (Beijing Chemical Factory); potassium hydrogen phthalate, anthrone (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China); anhydrous sodium acetate (Shanghai Hutian Chemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China); glucose (Guangzhou Jinhuada Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China).
Chromatographic purity: methanol (TEDIA Reagents, Fairfield, OH, USA); succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, citric acid anhydrous (Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China); 4-methyl-2-pentanol (Shanghai Lianshuo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China); glacial acetic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid (Tianjin Fine Chemical Research Institute, Tianjin, China)
Fermentation auxiliaries: CEC01 active dry yeast (Angel Yeast Co., Ltd., Hubei, China); potassium metabisulphite (Yantai Dibs Homebrewer Co., Ltd., Yantai, China).

Human liver stem cells 1 (HYX1) were provided by Professor Hong Feng. ConA was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, P. R. China). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) and foetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco (Gran Island, NY, USA). Indocyanine green (ICG) and periodic acid-schiff (PAS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, P. R. China). Periodic acid and sulfuric acid were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works (Beijing, P. R., China). Paraformaldehyde, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were obtained from Beijing Huafeng United Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, P. R., China).

Neutral protease (Neu) was obtained from Beijing Donghua Qiangsheng Biotechnology Co. Ltd. Sulfuric acid was obtained from Beijing Chemical Works. Sodium hydroxide, D‐glucose anhydrous, alcohol, phenol, 3, 5‐dinitrosalicylic acid, and sodium hydrogen sulfite were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. All the chemicals were of analytical grade. Triglyceride kits, total cholesterol reagent kits, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol kits, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol kits, superoxide dismutase kit, and malondialdehyde test kit were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Biology Engineering Institute.