Adiponectin

Manufactured by Assaypro

Sourced in United States

Adiponectin is a protein hormone that plays a role in regulating glucose and fatty acid metabolism. It is produced by adipose tissue and has been found to have anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects.

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Lab products found in correlation

Microplate reader, by Bio-Rad (1 mentions) Mcp 1, by RayBiotech (1 mentions) Tgf β1, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Mcp 1, by R&D Systems (1 mentions) Interleukin 6 (il 6), by RayBiotech (1 mentions) Konelab 20 analyzer, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Tnf α, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Insulin, by ALPCO (1 mentions) Il 10, by Diaclone (1 mentions) Leptin, by BioVendor (1 mentions) Visfatin, by RayBiotech (1 mentions) Insulin, by Mercodia (1 mentions) Fetuin a, by BioVendor (1 mentions)

7 protocols using adiponectin

Metabolic Biomarkers Assessment Protocol

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The content of leptin (Mediagnost, Reutlingen, Germany), adiponectin (Assaypro, St. Charles, MO, USA), insulin (AccuBind, Diagnostic System Laboratories, Lake Forest, CA, USA), and hsCRP (Biomerica, Irvine, CA, USA) were determined in blood serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). An adjustment of differences in the leptin level for gender and BMI was carried out. The level of adiponectin did not depend on gender; this parameter was adjusted only for BMI.
The level of glucose was detected by hexokinase assay (EKF diagnostic, Leipzig, Germany). The Enzyme colorimetric method was used to estimate the serum concentration of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (Diakon, Pushchino, Russia). Concentration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was calculated using the formula [LDL] = [Total cholesterol] − [Triacylglycerol (TG)] − [HDL].
The diagnosis of diabetes was based on generally accepted European guidelines. The term “prediabetes” was used to identify conditions of impaired fasting glucose (IFG, fasting plasma glucose between 6.1–6.9 mM and with plasma glucose after OGTT 2-h < 7.8 mM) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT, fasting plasma glucose < 7.0 mM and OGTT 2-h glucose 7.9–11.1 mM) or a combination of both [33 ].

Naryzhnaya N.V., Koshelskaya O.A., Kologrivova I.V., Suslova T.E., Kharitonova O.A., Andreev S.L., Gorbunov A.S., Kurbatov B.K, & Boshchenko A.A. (2022). Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Epicardial Adipocytes Is Associated with an Increase in Postprandial Glycemia, Postprandial Insulin, and a Decrease in Serum Adiponectin in Patients with Severe Coronary Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines, 10(8), 2054.

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Quantification of Inflammatory Factors in Rats

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The levels of adiponectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the aqueous and plasma of rats were quantified using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits according to the manufacturers' instructions. The levels of adiponectin (Assaypro LLC.), MCP-1 (RayBiotech Inc., Norcross, GA, USA), and IL-8 (Uscn Life Science Inc., Wuhan, China) in the plasma samples that were obtained from the same rats were also measured. The ELISA was repeated 3 times. The samples were diluted up to 50 μL or 100 μL for the tests. Optical density measurements were determined at A450 (absorbance at 450 nm) using a microplate reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.). The concentrations were determined from standard curves using recombinant standards that were supplied by the manufacturers.

Hsu Y.J., Wang L.C., Yang W.S., Yang C.M, & Yang C.H. (2014). Effects of Fenofibrate on Adiponectin Expression in Retinas of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2014, 540326.

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Biochemical and Inflammatory Markers

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Blood biochemical parameters including; serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL, LDL and VLDL were assayed spectrophotometrically using the commercially available kits. Serum levels of leptin and TNF-α (RayBiotech Inc., Norcross, GA, USA), adiponectin (Assaypro, St. Louis, MO, USA), and TGF-β1 (eBioscience, Vienna, Austria) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.

Seif el-Din S.H., El-Lakkany N.M., El-Naggar A.A., Hammam O.A., Abd El-Latif H.A., Ain-Shoka A.A, & Ebeid F.A. (2015). Effects of rosuvastatin and/or β-carotene on non-alcoholic fatty liver in rats. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 10(4), 275-287.

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Quantifying Inflammatory Biomarkers in Mice

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Mouse Quantikine ELISA kits for tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), leptin and resistin levels were purchased from R & D systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Other ELISA kits were obtained from the following sources: MPO (Hycult Biotech, Inc., Uden, Netherlands); IL-6 (Ray Biotech, Inc., Norcross, GA, USA); adiponectin (AssayPro, St. Charles, MO, USA); serum amyloid A (SAA; Tridelta Development Ltd., County Kildare, Ireland). Mouse plasma was diluted with the supplied diluents as follows: TNF-α (no dilution), MCP-1 (1:2), leptin (1:10), resistin (1:30), MPO (1:4), IL-6 (1:6), adiponectin (1:400), SAA (1:200), with assays carried out according to the manufacturer’s guidelines. Data are reported as pg/mL unless indicated otherwise.

Kim C.H., Mitchell J.B., Bursill C.A., Sowers A.L., Thetford A., Cook J.A., van Reyk D.M, & Davies M.J. (2015). The nitroxide radical TEMPOL prevents obesity, hyperlipidaemia, elevation of inflammatory cytokines, and modulates atherosclerotic plaque composition in apoE−/− mice. Atherosclerosis, 240(1), 234-241.

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Metabolic Biomarkers in Aging Rats

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Plasma levels of fasting glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol were determined using a Konelab 20 analyzer (Thermo-Electron Corporation, Waltham, MA, USA). ELISA kits were used to determine insulin (Alpco Diagnostics, Salem, NH, USA), leptin, (Biovendor, Bmo, Czech Republic), adiponectin (AssayPro, St Charles, MO, USA), TNFα (Millipore, Molsheim, France) and IL-10 (Diaclone, Besançon, France). Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated to assess insulin sensitivity in old rats, using the formula:

HOMA - IR = \frac{(fasting glucose \times fasting insulin)}{22.5}

with fasting glucose level expressed as mmol/L and fasting insulin level expressed as mIU/L.

Salles J., Guillet C., Le Bacquer O., Malnero-Fernandez C., Giraudet C., Patrac V., Berry A., Denis P., Pouyet C., Gueugneau M., Boirie Y., Jacobs H, & Walrand S. (2021). Pea Proteins Have Anabolic Effects Comparable to Milk Proteins on Whole Body Protein Retention and Muscle Protein Metabolism in Old Rats. Nutrients, 13(12), 4234.

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Cord Plasma Biochemical Profiling

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Biochemical parameters such as cord plasma glucose and lipid profile were estimated using enzymatic kits with Olympus AU400 fully automated Clinical Chemistry Analyser (Beckman Coulter, USA). Cord plasma insulin (Diasource Immunoassays S.A, Belgium, with sensitivity 0.17 µIU/ml, intra-assay CV 4.8-6.0% and inter-assay CV 8.1-9.0%) C-peptide (Sigma diagnostics, Livonia, USA, with assay sensitivity 0.2 ng/ml), leptin (DBC Inc, Canada, with sensitivity 0.50 ng/ml, intra-assay CV 3.7 - 5% and inter-assay CV 5.8%), adiponectin (Assaypro, St. Charles, MO, with sensitivity 0.3 ng/ml, intra-assay CV 4.4% and inter-assay CV 9.9%), resistin (Raybiotech, Suite 100 Norcross, GA, with sensitivity 2pg/ml, intra-assay CV <10% and inter-assay CV <12%) and visfatin (Raybiotech, Suite 100 Norcross, GA, with sensitivity 0.778 ng/ml, intra-assay CV <10% and inter-assay CV <15%) were measured by above mentioned ELISA kits.

Manoharan B., Bobby Z., Dorairajan G., Vinayagam V, & Packirisamy R.M. (2019). Adipokine levels and their association with insulin resistance and fetal outcomes among the newborns of Indian gestational diabetic mothers. Saudi Medical Journal, 40(4), 353-359.

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Factors Associated with HFREP1 Levels

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After an overnight 12 h fast, all participants received blood tests, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, HDL-cholesterol, routine biochemistry, insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and HFREP1. Blood glucose was measured by the hexokinase method (Roche Diagnostic GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). Plasma HFREP1 concentrations (Cusabio, Wuhan, China), insulin (Mercodia AB, Uppsala, Sweden), adiponectin (AssayPro, St Charles, MO, USA), fetuin-A (Bio-vendor Laboratory Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic) and hsCRP (Immunology Consultants Laboratory, Newberg, OR, USA) were determined using commercial sandwich ELISA kits. insulin resistance was assessed by the HOMA-IR index, defined as fasting insulin (pmol/l) × fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)]/135 [14] . The variables were used to identify the factors that independently associated with levels of HFREP1, and the relationship between HFREP1 and diabetes (ESM Methods).

Wu H.T., Ou H.Y., Hung H.C., Su Y.C., Lu F.H., Wu J.S., Yang Y.C., Wu C.L, & Chang C.J. (2016). A novel hepatokine, HFREP1, plays a crucial role in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 59(8).

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