Sodium cmc

Sodium CMC (average MW ~250 000) and P80 were purchased from Sigma (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). A. muciniphila previously isolated by Derrien et al13 (link) was purchased from ATCC (Reference #BAA-835). Following ATCC recommendation, A. muciniphila was grown in Brain Heart Infusion broth for 72 hours at 37°C under strict anaerobic conditions. Bacteria were then pelleted by centrifugation 15 min at 4500 g, washed twice in sterile PBS, and aliquoted at 6.32×10⁸ bacteria per mL (determined by serial dilution and platting on Brain Heart Infusion agar plates) before storage at −80°C. The purity of the obtained aliquot was determined by bacterial DNA extraction and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, revealing the absence of environmental contamination in the A. muciniphila suspension (online supplemental figure S1A).

Sodium CMC (average MW~250,000) and P80 were purchased from Sigma (Sigma, St. Louis, Missouri).

Sodium CMC (average M_W ~ 250,000, degree of substitution = 0.7) and P80 were purchased from Sigma (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA).

USL was provided from the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (Daejeon, Korea). Acetic acid, monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid, benzalkonium chloride, and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Samchun Chemical (Pyungtaek, Korea). Ecdysterone as a reference substance, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 3-(4,5-dimethylthoazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and sodium CMC (average M_w ≒250,000, degree of substitution 0.7) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin-streptomycin, and trypsin- ethylenediaminetetraAcetic acid (EDTA) were purchased from Gibco BRL (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). Metolose 60SH-4000 (HPMC) was provided from Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Hyaluronic acid was provided from SK Bioland (Cheonan, Korea). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade acetonitrile (ACN) was obtained from JT Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Cyclosporine A (CsA) was purchased from Allergan Co., Ltd. (Dublin, Ireland). All other chemicals were commercial products of analytical or reagent grade and used without further purification.

Tadalafil (98%) was kindly obtained from SAJA Pharmaceuticals, (Jeddah, KSA). Cinnamon essential oil (CEO) was bought from Now foods (Bloomingdale, IL, USA). Propylene glycol mono caprylate (Capryol^TM 90) was purchased from UFC Biotechnology (Amherst, NY, USA). PEG 40 hydrogenated castor oil (Cremophor^® RH 40) and sodium carboxy methylcellulose (Sodium CMC, average molecular weight ~250,000, degree of substitution 0.7) were bought from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie-GmbH (Steinheim, Germany). Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Transcutol^® HP, TR) was gifted from Gattefossé (Cedex, France). A Millipore water filtration system (Bedford, MA, USA) was used to obtain ultra-pure water. Sildenafil (SLD, 97.5%) was purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium).

CMC solution at a concentration of 2% w/v was prepared by dissolving sodium CMC (Mw, 250,000; degree of substitution 0.7; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in deionized water and stirring it at room temperature. After the CMC solution was homogeneously obtained, SS powder was added to the CMC solution in a weight ratio of 1:1, and the mixture was continuously stirred until a homogeneous CMC/SS blended solution was obtained. For plant extract loading, turmeric (T; Code No. 4593-D420724, Thai-China Flavours and Fragrances Industry, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Thailand) was added to the CMC/SS solution at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% w/v. The CMC/SS and T-loaded CMC/SS solutions were crosslinked by an esterification reaction using 30% w/w citric acid (CA) 1-hydrate (analytical grade, Mw of 210.14 g/mol, Kemaus, New South Wales, Western Australia) in an aqueous solution at a temperature of 80 °C for 18 h. Finally, the crosslinked solutions were added to 24-well plates, frozen at a temperature of −20 °C, and lyophilized at −50 °C under vacuum pressure. Dried CMC/SS and T-CMC/SS dressings formed after 24 h of lyophilization.