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4 protocols using pias1

1

Quantitative Western Blot Analysis of SUMOylation Pathway

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Samples from each age point were subjected to SDS-PAGE on 8–15% polyacrylamide gels, depending on the protein being detected. For SUMO blots, gradient gels (4–20%) were used. Separated proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membrane and immunoblotted. The primary antibodies used were: β-III-tubulin (1:5000, T8660), β-actin (1:2500, A5441), Syntaxin1A (1:5000, S0664) all from Sigma-Aldrich. PSD95 (1:1000, AB1596), GluA1 (1:1000, AB2263), NMADR1 (1:1000, AB9864) from Millipore. Aos1 (1:200, sc-46766), Uba2 (1:200, sc-376305), SUMO-1 (1:500, sc-5308) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Ubc9 (1:250, 610749) from BD Biosciences; PIAS1 (1:2000, 77231) from ABCAM; PIAS3 (1:1000, AP1245a) from Abgent; SENP3 (1:4000, D20A10) Cell Signaling Technology; SUMO-2/3 (1:100, Clone 8A2, produced in house) from DRHB. Luminescent or fluorescent signal was captured with a Li-COR Odyssey Fc system and quantified using Image Studio 2.1 provided by Li-COR. For SUMO quantification the whole lane was selected and quantified as well as individual bands with strong signal.
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2

Western Blot Analysis of Colonic Proteins

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The normalized supernatants (5 μg/μL) of colonic tissues were prepared as described in Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. An equivalent amount of protein in each sample was fractionated onto sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (PVDF) with a Bio-Rad Western blot apparatus. The PVDF membranes were blocked with 5% fat-free milk or 5% bovine serum albumin and then incubated overnight with the following primary antibodies at 4°C. The primary antibodies were JAK1 (1:2000), STAT5 (1:1000), p-STAT5 (1:800), PIAS1 (1:1000), and GAPDH (1:5000) (Abcam, MA, USA). These membranes were treated with the corresponding secondary antibody [HRP-conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG or HRP-conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (1:5000–1:10000) (Proteintech, IL, United States] for 1-2 h at room temperature. Subsequently, these membranes were visualized with ECL western blot substrate. The specific protein bands were scanned with a UVP Chen Studio (Analytik Jena, Germany) and quantified using Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software (Media Cybernetic, MD, United States).
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3

TFAP2A Regulation by SUMOylation

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Total protein was isolated 96 hours after siRNA transfection and 72-96 hours after SUMO inhibitor treatment using RIPA buffer with Halt Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (100X) (ThermoFisher Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA). Antibodies for TFAP2A (AbCam, Cambridge, MA, USA), PIAS1 (AbCam), CD44 (RD Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), Sumo 1 (AbCam), Sumo 2/3 (AbCam) and GAPDH (Santa Cruz Biotechnologies, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) were used for Western blot analysis. Immunoprecipitations were performed using the Pierce Co-Immunoprecipitation Kit (Thermo Fisher) using antibodies for TFAP2A (AbCam) or Sumo 1 (AbCam) and Sumo 2/3 (AbCam) with rabbit IgG as a control.
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4

Immunohistochemistry of PCNA, PIAS1, and SMA

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Following deparaffinization through a series of graded alcohols, endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched in 3% H2O2 (in methanol; Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany). Unspecific antigen-binding sites were blocked using 10% normal serum (in PBS; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), endogenous biotin was inhibited using the Avidin/Biotin Blocking kit (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) followed by heat-induced epitope retrieval (0.01 M citrate buffer, pH 6.0; 800 W for 6 min). Sections were incubated overnight at 4 °C with antibodies directed against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA; Abcam), protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1; Abcam) or smooth muscle α-actin (SMA; Sigma). The next day, sections were incubated with secondary antibody (Molecular Probes Inc., Eugene, OR, USA), preformed avidin–biotin complexes (Vector Laboratories) and the peroxidase substrate 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (for PIAS and SMA) or 3, 3 -diaminobenzidine (for PCNA) (both Vector Laboratories) until color development. Sections were briefly counterstained with Gill’s hematoxyline (Sigma), mounted in ImmuMount (ThermoScientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and photographed (Olympus BX51 microscope, Olympus Europa SE & Co. KG, Hamburg, Germany).
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