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6 protocols using human insulin specific ria kit

1

Blood Biomarkers Measurement Protocol

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Blood was collected from the antecubital vein for analyses of several blood variables. Plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (NEFA-HR set; Wako Chemicals), free glycerol (Glycerol kit; R-Biopharm), total glycerol (ABX Triglyceriden CP; Horiba ABX), and glucose (ABX Glucose HK CP; Horiba ABX) were measured on a COBAS PENTRA centrifugal spectrophotometer (Horiba ABX). Plasma triglyceride concentrations were calculated by subtracting free glycerol from the total glycerol concentrations, and serum insulin was analyzed on a Gamma Counter (2470 Automatic Gamma Counter Wizard2 Wallac; Perkin-Elmer) with a Human Insulin specific RIA kit (Millipore). Plasma norepinephrine and adrenaline were analyzed by using reagents from Recipe Chemicals and Instruments with HPLC through electrochemical detection. Serum TSH was measured by an Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay Kit on a COBAS 6000 system (Roche Diagnostica), and free thyroxine (FT4) was analyzed by a solid-phase time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay kit on an AutoDELFIA system (PerkinElmer). Plasma inflammatory marker C- reactive protein (CRP) was measured with a particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay on a COBAS PENTRA system (Horiba ABX). For detailed description see S1 Text—Study Protocol.
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2

Individualized Cooling Protocol: Metabolic Markers

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During the individualized cooling protocol, blood was collected at thermoneutrality and during mild cold exposure. Plasma concentrations of glucose (ABX Glucose HK CP, Radiometer, Horiba ABX, Montpellier, France), free glycerol (Glycerol kit; R-Biopharm, Darmstadt, Germany), and total glycerol (ABX Triglycerides CP, Radiometer, Horiba ABX) were determined on a COBAS FARA centrifugal spectrophotometer (Roche Diagnostics, Woerden, the Netherlands). Triglyceride levels were calculated using the difference in total and free glycerol. Plasma catecholamines were determined using reagents from Recipe (Recipe Chemicals and Instruments, München, Germany) and analyzed on a HPLC and by electrochemical detection. Serum insulin was analyzed with a Human Insulin-Specific RIA Kit (Millipore) on a Gamma Counter (2470 Automatic Gamma Counter Wizard; Wallac, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA). The plasma inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured with a particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay on a COBAS c311 system (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), and IL-6 and IL-8 were measured with a chemiluminescent immunometric assay on an IMMULITE 1000 system (Siemens, München, Germany).
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3

Paracetamol Absorption and Gastric Emptying

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Serum concentrations of glucose and paracetamol were measured by enzymatic method at the end of the study using an Abbott Architect ci8200 analyzer (Abbott Diagnostics) in the Department of Biochemistry at Hammersmith hospital. Cumulative paracetamol concentrations were used to calculate percentage paracetamol absorption from 0 % (at t=0) to 100 % (at 180 min) and percentage gastric emptying (from 100 to 0 %). Each individual gastric emptying curve was adapted to a third-degree polynomial. The T50 (time to reach 50 % of gastric emptying) was interpolated from the non-linear fit, as described in a previous study by Näslund et al.(29). Insulin-like immunoreactivity was measured by RIA using a Millipore Human Insulin Specific RIA Kit according to the manufacturer’s specified protocol. Fasting baseline measurements were, similarly to part A, averaged to obtain a unique baseline value before statistical analysis.
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4

Insulin Quantification in Equine Serum

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A human insulin-specific radioimmunoassay (Human Insulin Specific RIA kit, Millipore Corporation), previously validated for use with horse serum, was used to measure insulin concentrations as described previously (19 (link)). The RIA was performed with reagent volumes and incubation times described in the manufacturer's protocol. The low insulin (mean 10.6 ± 1.78 μIU/ml, CV 16.8%) and high insulin (mean 56.1 ± 5.36 μIU/ml, CV 9.4%) standards were run at the beginning and end of each assay.
For the preparation of insulin standards, the Immulite® Systems Insulin Calibration Verification Material (CVM; Siemens, Germany), traceable to the World Health Organization (WHO) NIBSC 1st International Reference Preparation (IRP) 66/304, was used following the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, four levels of lyophilized insulin standards in an equine serum-based matrix were reconstituted in deionized water to reach expected target values as indicated by the manufacturer's instructions. Quantitative analysis of insulin was performed on the Immulite® 1000 insulin solid-phase chemiluminescent assay, Immulite® 1000 system (Siemens Healthineers, Germany), following the manufacturer's instructions.
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5

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel Analysis

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Blood was collected from the antecubital vein for analyses of several blood variables. Plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (NEFA-HR set; Wako Chemicals), free glycerol (Glycerol kit; R-Biopharm), total glycerol (ABX Triglyceriden CP; Horiba ABX), and glucose (ABX Glucose HK CP; Horiba ABX) were measured on a COBAS PENTRA centrifugal spectrophotometer (Horiba ABX). Plasma triglyceride concentrations were calculated by subtracting free glycerol from the total glycerol concentrations, and serum insulin was analyzed on a Gamma Counter (2470 Automatic Gamma Counter Wizard2 Wallac; Perkin-Elmer) with a Human Insulin specific RIA kit (Millipore). Serum TSH was measured by an Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay Kit on a COBAS 6000 system (Roche Diagnostica), and free thyroxine (FT4) was analyzed by a solid-phase time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay kit on an AutoDELFIA system (PerkinElmer). Plasma inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured with a particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay on a COBAS PENTRA system (Horiba ABX). BA concentrations were determined in plasma by phase liquid chromatography associated to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS, in Multiple Reaction Monitoring [MRM] mode) after extraction by protein precipitation. The use of internal deutered standards allowed the quantification.
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6

Blood Sample Processing and Analysis

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Blood samples were collected into Vacuette ® Z serum clot activator tubes (Greiner Bio-One) and left to stand at room temperature for 30 min to allow clotting before being transferred onto ice. Blood samples, for the preparation of plasma, were collected into fluoride oxalate tubes (Teklab) and put straight onto ice. At the end of the study day all samples were centrifuged at 1912 g, 4°C for 10 min. Plasma and serum aliquots were taken and frozen at -20°C for batch analysis at the end of the study.
Plasma glucose and serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, NEFA and TAG were measured on an ILab 650 analyser (Instrumentation Laboratory). Inter-assay CV were 2, 4, 9, 8 and 9 % respectively and intra-assay CV were ≤4, 9, 9, 7 and 8 %, respectively. Serum insulin concentrations were measured by RIA using a Human Insulin Specific RIA kit (Millipore). Interassay CV were 11 % and intra-assay CV were ≤9 %. Serum inflammatory markers, IL-6 and TNF-α, were analysed by the Clinical Immunology Service (University of Birmingham), using a bead-based multiplex assay (Bio-Plex Precision Pro Human Cytokine Assay kit; Bio-Rad). The plate was analysed on a Luminex-100 plate reader (Bio-Plex Systems; Bio-Rad Laboratories) using a low 'RP1' (low PMTphotomultiplier tube) target setting. Intra-assay CV were <10 %.
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