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Optotrak 3020 system

Manufactured by Northern Digital
Sourced in Canada

The Optotrak 3020 system is a motion capture device that utilizes infrared cameras to track the position and orientation of markers placed on objects or subjects. The system provides real-time, high-precision data on the movement and dynamics of the tracked elements.

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Lab products found in correlation

8 protocols using optotrak 3020 system

1

Object Lifting Experiment: Size and Force Perception

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We used objects of two sizes: small (6 × 6 × 6 cm) and large (6 × 6 × 9 cm; Fig. 1a). A plastic handle was attached to the top of each object. We let participants lift the objects by a handle so that they could not deduce the size from the grip aperture when holding the object. We made sure that wielding the object could not provide information about its size (Amazeen & Turvey, 1996 (link); Kingma, van de Langenberg, & Beek, 2004 (link)) by connecting the handle to the object by a rotatable joint. In Experiment 1, we used two pairs of objects (one pair of 260 g and one pair of 210 g, including the handle); in Experiments 2 and 3, only the pair of objects weighing 260 g was used. An infrared marker was attached to the surface of each object at the center of one side. Its position was tracked using an Optotrak 3020 system (Northern Digital, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada). The objects were placed on a force sensor so we could measure the lifting force (ATI Industrial Automation, Apex, NC; Nano17 F/T Sensor). The position and force-sensor signals were sampled synchronously at 500 Hz. Participants wore computer-controlled PLATO visual-occlusion goggles (Translucent Technology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada).
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2

Measuring Prosthetic Hand Movements

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With the OPTOTRAK 3020 system (Northern Digital, Waterloo, Canada) the movements of the digits of the prosthesis hand in the reaching and grasping tests were recorded. Two infrared light emitting diodes (LED’s) were placed on the top of the ulnar side of thumb and radial side of the index finger of the prosthesis hand. The positions of the two LED’s were recorded from two sides above the table and were sampled with a frequency of 100 Hz. High frequency noise was removed from the data using a second order recursive Butterworth filter with a cut-off frequency of 10 Hz. The data was differentiated once to calculate the velocity and once again for the acceleration using a three point difference algorithm.
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3

Three-Dimensional Kinematic Analysis of Human Movement

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Three-dimensional (3D) kinematic data were collected by means of an Optotrak 3020 system (Northern Digital Inc., Waterloo, ON, Canada). Two Optotrak position sensors consisting of a bank of three cameras were placed on each side of the walkway, and a third one was placed at the front end of the walkway in order to capture full three-dimensional movements. The mean calibration error was 0.7 mm or less. Twelve active infrared light-emitting diodes (IREDs) were attached bilaterally to participants’ major bony landmarks: ankle (midpoint between medial and lateral malleolus), knee (patella), wrist (radiocarpal joint), shoulder (humeral head), cheek (2 cm below zygomatic arch), and hip (anterior superior iliac spine). Four IREDs were attached to the ends of two T bars, which were mounted on harnesses and fixated around the hip and the thorax, allowing for the recording of pelvic and thoracic rotations in transverse plane. Two additional IREDs were attached to the chin and the head-mounted display, respectively. The instantaneous position of each IRED was sampled at a rate of 100 Hz and stored on a hard drive for further off-line processing.
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4

Spatiotemporal Kinematic Analysis of Walking

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Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected using an Optotrak 3020 System (Northern Digital Inc., Waterloo, ON, Canada), with a spatial resolution of 0.1 mm. Three position sensors were placed at the end of the walkway in left, right and middle positions facing the participant’s direction of walking. The placement allows for an environmental reference plane to capture bilateral locomotor movements for at least eight strides. The sensors were calibrated and the mean error was accepted when the value was 0.7 mm or less. Infrared light-emitting diodes (IREDs) were applied as position markers on the participant’s chin (lower mandible) and bilaterally on the ankle (lateral calcaneus), knee (patella), hip (anterior superior iliac spine), wrist (radiocarpal joint), shoulder (humeral head), cheek (2 cm below zygomatic arch). The instantaneous position of each IRED was sampled during walking trials at a rate of 100 Hz and stored to disk for further analysis.
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5

Kinematic Analysis of Hand and Arm Movements

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Movements were recorded using the Optotrak 3020 system (Northern Digital, Waterloo, Ontario). Using skin-friendly tape, six rigid PVC plates, each with three infrared light-emitting diodes, were attached to the participant's sternum, to the acromion, on the left side of the right upper arm below the insertion of the deltoid, proximal to the ulnar and radial styloids, to the dorsal surface of the hand (van Andel, Wolterbeek, Doorenbosch, Veeger, & Harlaar, 2008) (link), and to the index finger (Van Der Steen & Bongers, 2011) (link). Following the procedure described by van Andel et al. (2008) (link), for each individual participant, the 19 anatomical positions were recorded together with the rigid body position data using a standard pointer device. A small aluminum plate was taped under the index finger to prevent flexion-extension in the interphalangeal joints while allowing for flexion-extension and adduction-abduction in the metacarpophalangeal joint (Van Der Steen & Bongers, 2011) (link).
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6

Stereoscopic Visual Perception Simulation

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To develop the simulator, we used a 19-inch CRT monitor (39.5 Â 29.6 cm, 800 Â 600 pixels, Mitsubishi Diamondtron M2 RDF223G) that was refreshed at 120 Hz, stereo shutter goggles (Crystal Eyes 3, StereoGraphics), and a personal computer (DELL, Inc., Precision T7400, 3.2-GHz CPU, 3.25-GB RAM, graphics card: NVIDIA Quadro FX 5800). Subjects observed stimuli presented by the CRT through the goggles (Fig. 4). To minimize real crosstalk between the images presented to their eyes, we used only red phosphor on the monitor, which was comparatively faster. The minimum and maximum luminances measured through the stereo goggles were less than 0.001 cd/m 2 and 1.99 cd/m 2 , respectively.
The viewing distance was 160 cm, at which theoretically, the pixel structure cannot be distinguished by a person with a visual acuity of 1.0. This way of determining the viewing distance was used for the standard viewing distance of HDTV screens [75] , [76] .
We used an infrared (IR) position sensor (Optotrak 3020 System, Northern Digital) to track the subject's head position during the experiment. An IR emitter was attached to the goggles. The sensor collected the head-position data every 10 ms, resulting in no awareness of the latency of the image presentation based on the head motion.
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7

Quantifying Reaching and Grasping Kinematics

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The position of eight active infrared markers was recorded via an Optotrak 3020 system (Northern Digital INC). Three markers were placed on the subject's right hand: on the wrist at the styloid process of the radius, on the nail of the thumb and on the nail of the index (sampling rate at 300Hz; spatial resolution: 0.1 mm). Two markers were positioned on the bottles and the remaining three on the table to define the 3D workspace. Data pre-processing consisted in applying a second-order Butterworth dual pass filter (cutoff frequency: 10Hz). Kinematic parameters were assessed for each trial individually via Optodisp software (Optodisp -copyright INSERM-CNRS-UCBL, (Thévenet, Paulignan, & Prablanc, 2001) . For each movement we measured the whole movement time as the time between the beginning of the hand movement and the moment when the bottle was put in its landing position. We measured the latency and amplitude of the highest wrist acceleration, velocity and deceleration peaks for each movement phase. In addition, for the Reach phase we measured the amplitude and latency of the maximum grip aperture and for the Displace phase, the maximal height at which the bottle was lifted. Parameters as recorded from a single trial are illustrated in figure 1.
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8

Virtual 3D Stimuli Setup with Infrared Tracking

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We used a setup that allowed us to create 3-D virtual stimuli (see Figure 1). In this setup mirrors reflected the images from two CRT monitors (1096 3 686 pixels, 47.3 3 30.0 cm) that were to the sides of the subjects' head to the two eyes. Subjects looked straight ahead at these mirrors and had the illusion that the 3-D virtual objects were in front of them. New images were created for each eye with the frequency of the refresh rate of the monitors (160 Hz). We recorded the position of the head and of the index finger of the preferred hand at 250 Hz using infrared emitting diodes (IREDs) and an Optotrak 3020 System (Northern Digital, Waterloo, ON, Canada). One IRED was attached to the nail of the index finger and three to a mouthpiece with a dental imprint. Subjects were allowed to freely move their head during the experiments (although the setup did not encourage large head movements since subjects had to look into the mirrors). Tracking the head's position allowed us to adapt the images to movements of the head with a very short delay (about 20 ms). The positions of subjects' eyes relative to the mouthpiece were determined in advance following the same calibration procedure as in Sousa et al. (2010) .
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