Stata v 13

An alpha of 0.05 was set for tests of statistical significance. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS v9.3 (Cary, NC, USA) and STATA v 13.1 (College Station, TX, USA). Briefly, sampling weights were calculated to take each stage of selection into account, including the probability of selecting the original EAs in the 2010 DHS. A non-response adjustment by strata was included using the weighting class approach. Final weights were scaled to conform to the regional distribution of the population in the 2008 census [34 ]. Estimates of seroprevalence and coverage with 95% (logit) confidence intervals (CI) were calculated accounting for survey design (STATA v13.1). Second-order Rao-Scott Chi-square tests were used to assess differences in seroprevalence across age groups, regions, and rural/urban residence.

Established experimental infection was defined as the presence of one or more condition: development of skin lesions associated with symptomatic rodent ZCL, detection of splenomegaly at necropsy, qPCR detection of Leishmania in tissue samples (ear skin, liver, spleen), or infectiousness to sand flies. For statistical analyses, Leishmania loads were log₁₀+1 transformed and tested using general linearised Poisson models (negative binomial over-dispersion coefficient α<0.088, χ²<0.94, P>0.281 in each case). The relationships between infectiousness (proportion of sandflies infected) or presence/absence of skin lesions against independent variables were analysed using logistic regression weighted by sample sizes. Depending on the outcome of interest, multivariate analysis adjusted for covariates including inoculum size (high dose or low dose), skin tissue log₁₀ parasite load, inoculum size × skin log₁₀ load interaction term, times to lesion onset and lesion recovery, and rodent species. All analyses were carried out using Stata v.13.1 software (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA).

To examine the impact of emotional labor and workplace violence on depression, sleep, and health status in wage earners in Korea, we analyzed the 2011–2014 KWCS data as follows: The differences in workers’ emotional labor and workplace violence according to demographic characteristics and work environments were analyzed with χ² test or t-test. With reference to previous literature and variables measured in our data, gender, age, education level, wage, and job group were measured as sociodemographic variables, and job position, weekly work hours, work type (public, private), workplace size (number of employees), length of current employment in years, number of days of night overtime per month, and form of work were analyzed as work environment variables. In addition, the influence of emotional labor and workplace violence on general health status (subjective), depression or anxiety disorder, and insomnia or sleep disturbance was statistically analyzed using logistic regression. Sociodemographic and work environment variables that may influence the dependent variables (general health status, depression or anxiety disorder, and insomnia or sleep disturbance) were entered as independent variables in each analysis to control for them. All analyses were performed using the STATA v.13.1 software (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA).

The antimicrobial susceptibilities of all the strains were determined according to CLSI M24-A2 guidelines, using the corresponding control strains [20 ] and employing the microdilution method with RAPMYCO panels (ThermoFisher, Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA). These panels contain amikacin (AMI), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AUG2), cefepime (FEP), cefoxitin (FOX), ceftriaxone (AXO), ciprofloxacin (CIP), clarithromycin (CLA), doxycycline (DOX), imipenem (IMI), linezolid (LZD), minocycline (MIN), moxifloxacin (MXF), tigecycline (TGC), tobramycin (TOB), and co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, SXT). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined following Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute interpretative criteria [27 ]; intermediate values were categorized as resistant. Susceptibility to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and linezolid was tested using the E-test (bioMérieux, Marcy-l’Étoile, France). Susceptibility rates across strains belonging to the main species from the soil and human sources were compared using the χ² test or two-tailed Fisher’s exact test as required. Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. All calculations were performed using STATA v.13.1 software (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).