Fifty intact human third molars were collected and stored in 0.1% thymol solution at 4 °C after obtaining local IRB approval. A dentin disc (1.5 mm) was cross-sectioned from each molar parallel to the occlusal surface and close to the pulp chamber, using a low-speed saw (IsoMet; Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL) under constant irrigation. The non-pulpal side of each disc was flattened with 500-grit silicon carbide paper (Struers, Cleveland, PA) using a polishing unit (Struers). The pulpal sides of each disc was flattened using 1,200-, 2,400-and 4,000-grit silicon carbide paper (Struers), followed by 0.3-µm diamond-polishing spray (Struers). The polished specimens were then sonicated in deionized water for 3 min. Deep coronal dentin, rather than radicular dentin, was used to provide adequate surface area for multiple measurements of the various outcomes of the study. Previous work found no significant differences between radicular and deep coronal dentin in density and cross-sectional areas of dentin tubules, even after various acidic challenges (16) .
Silicon carbide paper
Manufactured by Struers
Sourced in Denmark, United States
Silicon carbide paper is a type of abrasive paper used in the preparation and polishing of materials for analysis and characterization. It is composed of silicon carbide particles bonded to a paper backing. Silicon carbide paper is commonly used for grinding and polishing a variety of materials, including metals, ceramics, and composites, to achieve a desired surface finish.
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13 protocols using silicon carbide paper
1
Characterization of Human Third Molar Dentin
2
Dentin Specimen Preparation for In Vitro Studies
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Teeth extracted for periodontal reasons were collected as anonymous by-products of regular treatment of patients giving their written informed consent for the use in an in vitro experiment which was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Bern. After extraction, teeth were stored in 60% ethanol for disinfection and processed within 2–3 weeks. After crown removal, dentin slices of the buccal side of the roots of canines and premolars were cut with a diamond saw to dimensions of 4 mm x 4 mm and to a thickness of approximately 1 mm. Dentin specimens were then adhesively fixed onto plastic specimen holders using a dental dentin adhesive system (OptiBond FL, Kerr, Scafati, Italy). Surface properties of the buccal side of the dentin specimens were standardized by grinding the dentin specimens with silicon carbide papers of #2400 grit size, corresponding to an abrasive particle size of 6.5 μm (Struers A/S, Ballerup, Denmark) and in a manner to be exposed approximately 500 μm over the plastic specimen holder (Fig 1A ).
3
Sintering and Characterization of Specimens
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As previously described, one specimen (1 mm × 12 mm × 12 mm) for each sintering group was produced. Silicon-carbide papers with 400, 600, 800, 1200, 1600, and 2000-grit (Struers, Cleveland, United States) were used for polishing the specimens. The chemical composition (wt %) of one specimen from each sintering group was defined using a wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF; PANalytical AXIOS Advanced, Malvern, United Kingdom) spectrometer operated at 60 kV and 50 mA.
4
Histological Analysis of Rat Tibias
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The rats were sacrificed at 14 weeks according to Home Office (UK) schedule 1. The right tibia was removed and fixed in ice-cold paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) with 0.1% w/v sucrose and 0.05% v/v gluteraldehyde at 4 °C. After 5 h the tibias were washed three times in PBS and dehydrated in ascending concentrations of methylated spirit (50–100%) before being de-fatted using continuously topped-up acetone under vacuum for 7 days. The tibias were then embedded in poly(Methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Methyl methacrylate (Sigma) containing 2.5% w/v benzoyl peroxide (catalyst) and 2.5% v/v dibutyl phthalate (plasticiser) was infiltrated into the specimens at 4 °C under vaccuum for 7 days. The methacrylate solution was then replaced with fresh solution and polymerised. Once polymerised, 300–500 μm thick longtitudinal sections (sagital plane of the pin and tibia) were cut using a diamond saw (100 CA blade 0.1 mm/sec, Accuton 5, Struers, Glasgow, UK) and glued (Cyno 40, Delta, Leeds, UK) onto frosted glass microscpe slides before being ground and polished to 100 μm thick using a graded series of silicon carbide papers (Struers, Denmark).
5
Localized Wear Testing of Resin Cements
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Custom stainless steel fixtures containing a cylindrical cavity (diameter, 6.5 mm; depth, 4.0 mm) were machined for localized wear testing. Twenty specimens (designated as the dual-cure group) of each resin luting cement were photo-cured in two increments each of approximately 2 mm depth with a quartz-tungsten-halogen unit (Spectrum 800 Curing Unit, DENTSPLY Caulk) set at 600 mW/ cm 2 for 40 s at a standardized distance of 2 mm. Twenty specimens (designated as the chemical-cure group) were not photo-cured. After water storage for 24 h at 37°C, the cement surfaces of dual-and chemical-cure groups were polished flat to 4,000 grit using a sequence of silicon carbide papers (Struers, Cleveland, OH, USA) and a grinder-polisher (Ecomet 4, Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA).
6
Ti Grade 2 Disc Preparation
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Commercially pure Ti grade 2 discs of 10 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness were grinded with silicon carbide papers of grit 320, 800, 1200 and 2500 (Struers, Spain).
Then, the discs were mirror polished with colloidal silica (0.05 µm particle size) and ultrasonically cleaned with cyclohexane, isopropanol, deionized water, ethanol and acetone (3 x 5 min each).
Then, the discs were mirror polished with colloidal silica (0.05 µm particle size) and ultrasonically cleaned with cyclohexane, isopropanol, deionized water, ethanol and acetone (3 x 5 min each).
7
Polishing Composite Surfaces for Roughness
8
Analyzing Self-Etching Primer Effects
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Five teeth were sectioned mesiodistally and buccolingually under water
cooling to produce 4 sections. Half of these sections had their
occlusal surfaces cut to expose dentine. The enamel and dentine
sections were then polished wet with 600-grit silicon carbide paper
(Struers) and each section treated with 1 of the 3 self-etching
primers (n = 3 samples per primer per substrate) and
rinsed. The teeth were stored for 24 h and sputter-coated with gold.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted using Jeol JCM 6000
Plus (JEOL) at an accelerating voltage of 10 kV to analyze etching
patterns qualitatively.
cooling to produce 4 sections. Half of these sections had their
occlusal surfaces cut to expose dentine. The enamel and dentine
sections were then polished wet with 600-grit silicon carbide paper
(Struers) and each section treated with 1 of the 3 self-etching
primers (n = 3 samples per primer per substrate) and
rinsed. The teeth were stored for 24 h and sputter-coated with gold.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted using Jeol JCM 6000
Plus (JEOL) at an accelerating voltage of 10 kV to analyze etching
patterns qualitatively.
9
Zirconia and Titanium Alloy Bonding Surface Preparation
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A total of 135 disks (3.0 mm in diameter and 3.0 mm in thickness) sectioned from machinable Y-TZP blocks (Zirconia-HT, Adite technology, QinHuangDao, China) were sintered according to the manufacturer's protocol, and 27 commercially available Ti-6Al-4V blocks (5×5×25 mm 3 ; Ti-JT, Adite technology) were machined. The bonding surface of Y-TZP disks and Ti-6Al-4V blocks were wet-polished with 600 and 800 grit silicon carbide paper (Struers, Copenhagen, Denmark) and then blasted with 50-μm alumina particles from a distance of 10 mm for 25 s at 0.2 MPa using a blasting device (DENTO-PREP TM , RONVIG Dental Mfg., Daugaard, Denmark). All the specimens were ultrasonically cleaned in ethanol for 5 min.
10
Enamel Microhardness Measurement Protocol
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The crowns of human third molars were cut into sections using a diamond-coated band saw with continuous water cooling (Struers Minitom, Struers, Copenhagen, Denmark). The surfaces were then ground flat with water-cooled silicon carbide paper of various grits (800, 1000, 1200, 2400, 4000 grit; Struers). The enamel blocks were embedded in polymethylmethacrylate and painted with two layers of acid-resistant nail varnish, leaving a 4 × 4 mm window exposed. Prior to caries lesion formation, baseline surface microhardness (SMH) of the enamel blocks called SMH0 was obtained using a microhardness tester (Duramin-1/-2, Struers) and a Vickers indenter at a load of 25 g for 15 s. Then, 120 enamel blocks were chosen for further experiment.
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