Fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 4kda fd4

Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (low glucose) with L-glutamine (DMEM), Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), hydrogen peroxide, hydrochloric acid, and 100% w/v of trichloroacetic acid solution (TCA) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from ICN Biomedicals (Costa Mesa, CA, USA). Minimum essential medium (MEM) with non-essential amino acids was obtained from Gibco™ (Co Dublin, Ireland). Penicillin–streptomycin was purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). Trypsin–EDTA solution, L-cystine dihydrochloride (Cys2), and fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran 4 kDa (FD4) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO, USA).

The IPEC-J2 cell was a courtesy from Prof. Yin Yulong, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences. H₂O₂ (Sinopharm Group, China), DMEM-F12 medium (Shanghai Yuanpei Biotechnology, China), and fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 4 kDa (FD4) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA). Trypsin (Beyotime Biotechnology, China), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (Bozan Biotechnology, China), penicillin-streptomycin (Solabao Biotechnology, China), fetal bovine serum (Gemini, Australia), CCK-8 kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, China), MitoSpy™ Red CMXRos (Biolegend, USA), immunofluorescence fixative (Sevier Biotechnology, China), Triton-X 100 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), Glycine (Sinopharm Group, China), DAPI (Beyotime Biotechnology, China), Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Dylight 594 (Earthox, USA), Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Dylight 488 (Earthox, USA), mitochondrial division inhibitor (Mdivi-1) (Selleck, USA), AMPK inhibitor (Compound C, CC) (Selleck, USA), Lipofectamine RNAiMAX, and Lipofectamine 2000 were obtained from Invitrogen (Invitrogen, USA).