Falcon 50 ml conical tubes

The solid–liquid UAE was performed in ultrasonic water bath (Bandelin Sonorex, Berlin, Germany) with a constant power (320 W) and frequency (35 kHz). Pulverized willow gentian underground parts were extracted with 10 mL of a HPβCD water solution at different concentrations (2–4% w/v) with a constant liquid-to-solid ratio of 30 mL/g. Extractions were conducted at different extraction times (20–50 min) and temperatures (20–80 °C). All experimental runs were performed in Falcon 50 mL conical tubes that were always positioned at the same distance from the transducer. Immediately after the extraction, the solid–liquid mixtures were centrifuged (6000 rpm for 5 min) and filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 1. Samples were stored in glass flasks at 4 °C in a dark place until analysis.

Fecal samples were collected from the rectum of the pig unless it had just defecated, in which case fresh manure was collected from the floor of the pen or the spot where the pig had been tethered by the owner. Samples were placed in BD Falcon^™ 50-ml conical tubes and labeled with the household identifier number. They were stored in a cold box and transported to the field laboratory, where the identification numbers were cross-checked and the samples were stored overnight in the cold box for processing the following morning. Information on the sampled pig (biodata) such as the clinically apparent health status, age, breed, rectal temperature, and last parasite treatment was recorded. A structured questionnaire on self-reported biosecurity and husbandry practices was administered to the owner of the pigs.