Tetramethylchroman 2 carboxylic acid trolox

Methanol, n-hexane, n-butanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, Triton X-100 and Tween 20 were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK). Linoleic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, β-carotene (Type I synthetic, 95%), bovine serum albumin (BSA), ABTS, potassium persulfate, ferrous sulfate, hydrogen peroxide, AAPH, tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (trolox), ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), DPPH, dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent and ferrozine were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), gentamicin and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from GIBCO (Grand Island, NY, USA). The 8-iso prostaglandin F2α ELISA kit was bought from Cusabio (Wuhan, China). MTT and neutral red were obtained from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). All of the other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co.

The fruiting bodies of G. lucidum were purchased from Wuyi Mountain Traditional Chinese Medicine Market in Fujian Province of China in June 2016. The mushroom was identified by Prof. Chen Tiqiang, who works at Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
ABTS detection kit and Cell Counting Kit (CCK-8) were purchased from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Nanjing, China). 2, 2’-Azobis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (trolox), fluorescein sodium salt (FL), 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH₂-DA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and amyloid β-Protein Fragment 35-25 (Aβ_25–35) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Minimum essential media (MEM) and F12 were purchased from Gibco BRL (Life Technologies, China). Trypsin-EDTA and penicillin–streptomycin solution were acquired from Gibco BRL (Grand Island, NY, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Corning (Mediatech, Manassas, VA, USA). The organic solvents used for fraction and separation were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Peels from freshly processed organic passion fruit were obtained from Ganico Organic Farm, Gauteng Province, South Africa, and transported to Postharvest and Agroprocessing Research Laboratory, University of Johannesburg. Carriers including maltodextrin, gum arabic, and waxy starch were procured from Sigma Aldrich, USA, and France. Other chemicals included 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent, gallic acid, 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), cyanidin-3-glucoside, and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), catechin; punicalin α and β, ellagic acid, epicatechin, punicalagin α, punicalagin β, rutin, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin, were of analytical grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Johannesburg, South Africa.