Tga sta 6000

The thermal degradation of the bio-based epoxy blends were carried out using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA STA 6000, Perkin Elmer, MA, USA). Twenty milligrams of sample were heated from 20 to 600 °C at a 15 °C/min heating rate under a nitrogen atmosphere. The weight loss of the sample was recorded as a function of the temperature.

Tubular geometry, 3D macroporous network (ice‐templated pores), and mesopores (silica‐templated pores) were visualized through micro‐computed tomography (Micro‐CT, Bruker SkyScan 1272), scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi TM3000), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Hitachi S4800), respectively. Mesoporosity and microporosity were evaluated using N₂‐physisorption analysis at 77 K by ASAP2020, Micrometrics. All the samples were degassed at 250 °C for 12 h before measurement. The specific surface area and pore size distribution (PSD) were calculated based on the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method and the density functional theory (DFT), respectively, as recommended for micro‐ and mesoporous carbons.^[39] X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed by an Ultra AxisTM spectrometer, Kratos Analytical, to evaluate the surface chemistry of the as‐synthesized carbons. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA STA6000, Perkin Elmer) was employed to monitor both the carbonization of precursors at similar conditions (under an inert atmosphere (N₂ flow) and a heating rate of 5 °C min⁻¹) and the efficacy of the etching‐out process in removing silica particles by oxidizing the carbon (under O₂ flow and a heating rate of 20 °C min⁻¹). All the characterization methods were performed in duplicate, with the average value presented.