Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC® 6538 50 CFU, AgNO3, CuSO4, ZnSO4·7H2O (99.9% pure), HNTs, ethanol, acetone, propanol, methanol, live–dead kit, Mueller Hinton broth, and agar were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). Resazurin dye was obtained from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI), DC power source (VWR Accupower 500 electrophoresis power supply), platinum mesh electrodes, plastic Petri dishes, and ammeter (TekPower TP9605BT) were purchased from Amazon.com LLC (Seattle, WA). Resazurin dye from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI), Live/Dead® viability/ cytotoxicity kit and cryomedium from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA).
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