Reg3α

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were performed to quantify plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (CUSABIO, Wuhan, China), intestinal fatty-acid-binding protein (I-FABP, Hycult Biotech, Wayne, PA, USA), regenerating islet-derived protein 3α (REG3α) (R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and soluble CD14 (sCD14) (Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China). Plasma (1→3)-β-d-glucan (BDG) was measured via the Fungitell Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay (Fuzhou Xinbei Biochemical Industry Co., Ltd., Fuzhou, China).

Serum and plasma tubes were centrifuged according to manufactures’ instruction, frozen at -80°C, thawed in 37°C for 5 minutes before analysis at room temperature. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used for duplicate analysis of intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) in serum (Hycult Biotech, Uden, The Netherlands; CV 8.2%) and human regenerating islet-derived protein 3α (REG3α) in EDTA plasma (R&D Systems, Abington, Oxon, UK; CV 3,2).

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- $\alpha$ ), interferon-gamma (IFN- $\gamma$ ), interleukin 1-beta (IL-1 $\beta$ ), IL-6, IL-8, interferon gamma inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and IL-10 were measured in 25 μL of plasma using the MILLIPLEX^® Human Cytokine/Chemokine/Growth Factor Panel A according to the manufacturer’s instructions (MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA, USA). ELISA kits were used to quantify lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Cusabio Technology LLC, Houston, TX, USA), soluble CD14 (sCD14) (Hycult Biotech, Uden, Netherlands), soluble CD27 (sCD27) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), soluble receptor for tumor necrosis factor type II (sTNFRII) (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA), intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) (Hycult Biotech, Uden, Netherlands), and human regenerating islet derived protein 3 alpha (REG-3α) (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocols. All measurements were performed in duplicate.