A custom-made, closed-loop flow circuit was set up (Fig. 3 ), comprising four flowmeters (LS-10LPM-D; Alicat Scientific, Inc.), four proportional solenoid valves (Type 2875; Bürkert), an acrylic reservoir, one pump (PP2-50Y; Hwarang System), and a data acquisition instrument (NI USB-6361; NI), to simultaneously collect real-time flow rate data and deliver patient-specific pulse signals to the pump system. The patient-specific pulmonary venous pulse was generated based on the spectral Doppler waves from four pulmonary veins (right superior, right inferior, left superior, and left inferior) obtained using transesophageal echocardiography. A high-pressure spiral hose was used to minimize the hose elasticity effects on the pulsating flow transmission. A 6 mM/L aqueous solution of copper sulfate mixed with glycerine (viscosity: 0.004 Pa·s; density: 1100 kg/m3) at a deionized water-to-glycerin volume ratio of 3:2 was used as the working fluid to reflect the viscosity and density of human blood flow.
Ni usb 6361
Manufactured by National Instruments
Sourced in United States
The NI USB-6361 is a multifunction data acquisition (DAQ) device that provides analog input, analog output, digital input/output, and counter/timer functionality. It connects to a computer via a USB interface and is designed for a variety of measurement and automation applications.
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4 protocols using ni usb 6361
1
Closed-Loop Simulation of Pulmonary Venous Flow
2
Extracellular Recording and Stimulation
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To stimulate and record from the animal, a data acquisition box (DAQ) is coupled to an analog stimulator and an extracellular amplifier. Analog output waveforms from the DAQ control the stimulator, which in turn stimulates the nerve in the animal, and electromyographic (EMG) waveforms are received by the DAQ’s input after amplification (Fig. 1C ). The data acquisition box used in this study was an NI-USB-6361 (National Instruments, TX, USA) connected to a computer running Windows 10. Stimuli were provided by an AM2200 Analog Stimulus Isolator (A–M Systems, WA, USA), and the extracellular amplifier used to gather EMG signals was an AM1700 Differential AC Amplifier (A–M Systems, WA, USA). The SIGNAL IN port of the stimulator was connected to the Analog Output of the DAQ. The polarity of the stimulator was set to bipolar, and the range set to 1 mA/V for all measurements. Stimulating electrodes were connected to the Output ports of the AM2200 stimulator. EMG electrodes were connected to the AM1700 amplifier (Fig. 1C ). The recording gain was typically set to 1000. The notch filter provided was turned on, and the animal ground was supplied by the amplifier.
3
PVDF Transducer for Laser-Induced Pressure Measurement
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The PVDF sensor had dimensions of 41.40 × 16.26 mm2 and was made up of a piezoelectric PVDF polymer film with 28 μm thickness laminated onto 0.125 mm thickness polyester. The sensitivity of the PVDF film was 13 mV/N. Output signals from the sensor were amplified by 40 dB and stored in PC using a data acquisition board (NI USB-6361, National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA) and LabVIEW (NI LabVIEW 2012, National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA). By considering the sensitivity of the PVDF film, amplification gain, and the spot size of laser irradiation, the sensitivity of the PVDF transducer was recalculated in terms of pressure, i.e., 235.2 mV/MPa, and used to convert the output signals in mV to MPa. One hundred one-pulse single shots were repeatedly performed at each energy level and output signals were averaged for improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Any damage to the sample was checked every ten single shots using a digital microscope (AM3713TB, AnMo Electronics Corp., Taiwan). Output signals were processed with home-built programs based on MATLAB (R2008a, Mathworks, Portola Valley, CA, USA).
4
Extracellular Recording and Stimulation
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