Mso 58

To configure a frequency-adjustable OTSNO, an OTS device is connected in series to an n-MOSFET device (LND150N3-G, Microchip Inc.). The characteristics of OTS devices and OTSNOs have been investigated using an arbitrary function generator (AFG-3102, Tektronix), an oscilloscope (MSO-58, Tektronix), and a source-measure unit (2635B, Keithley). We have tested several OTSNO devices using OTS devices of various pore sizes and found similar behavior. The results presented in this paper are mainly obtained by using OTS devices with d = 500 nm.

The implementation of the Ising machine composed of OTSNOs including the measurement setup is shown in Fig. 3a and Fig. S3. The OTS devices fabricated on the SiO₂ substrate are loaded onto a custom-made breakout board. Terminals of the OTS devices are connected to the power supply (V_dd), R_L, and C_C on a specially designed printed circuit board (PCB). We have used the second-harmonic injection locking (SHIL) technique to lock phases of OTSNO with an oscillation frequency of 2.75 MHz for the injection signal, twice the natural frequency of the single OTSNO. In addition, we have used the simulated annealing technique for the injection signal, whose amplitude gradually increases from 0 V to 2 V over 45 µs. V_dc, R_L, and C_C are set to 4 V, 1 kΩ, and 100 pF, respectively. An arbitrary function generator (AFG-3102, Tektronix) has been used to bias the driving dc voltage and the SHIL ac voltage. To read the output waveforms of 14 OTSNOs by using an 8-channel oscilloscope (MSO-58, Tektronix), we repeated the measurement runs two times. In the first and second runs, 14 OTSNOs have been read half-and-half relative to oscillator #1.

BMSCs at 3–6 passages were grown in α-MEM with 10% FBS and then added to an osteogenic differentiation medium consisting of α-MEM + 10% FBS + 0.1 μmol/L dexamethasone (Solarbio, Beijing, China) + 10 mmol/L β-glycerophosphate (Solarbio) + 50 μg/mL ascorbic acid (Solarbio). The medium was changed every 2–3 days. The cells were treated with LIPUS (2776, Chattanooga, TN) at a frequency of 3 MHz, an intensity of 100 mW/cm², and a duty cycle of 50%. The quality of ultrasonic waveforms at different intensities was monitored using a digital oscilloscope (Tektronix MSO58, Beaverton, OR). cRGD-NBs were mixed with the medium daily, cultured at 37 °C for 90 min, and treated with LIPUS for 10 min, followed by refreshing the medium (when cells were plated onto 12- or 24-well dishes, we added 150 or 60 μL of nanobubbles per well). The cytoskeletal interference procedure was as follows: 2 h after the combined LIPUS and cRGD-NBs treatment, the cells were treated with 0.2 μg/mL cytochalasin D (CytoD, Rhawn, Shanghai, China) or 25 nmol/L jasplakinolide (JA, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) for 2 h, and the medium was refreshed. The working concentration of DMSO was 0.1% (v/v).