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100 protocols using acetic acid

1

Extraction and Analysis of Caffeine and Stimulants

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The columns used in extracting caffeine and stimulants in the autopsy case body fluids and culture media were Bond Elut Certify (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA).
A solid powder of caffeine from Sigma-Aldrich (Tokyo, Japan) and methamphetamine hydrochloride from Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co. (Osaka, Japan) were used as the standard products. Diazepam-d5 (Sigma-Aldrich, Tokyo, Japan) was used as an internal standard (IS). Deionized pre water was generated using the Milli-Q Purification System (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) and was used as distilled water.
As the solvent, 0.1 M phosphate buffer was prepared by dissolving 6.8 g KH2PO4 (Wako, Osaka, Japan) in distilled water at pH 6.0 with potassium hydroxide solution.
Then, 1 M acetic acid was prepared by dissolving 30 mL acetic acid (Wako) in 470 mL distilled water and used as a washing solvent. As one of the eluting solvents, 50 mL dichloromethane (Wako, Osaka, Japan), 20 mL 2-propanol (Wako), and 5 mL ammonia aqueous solution (Wako) were mixed to produce dichloromethane:2-propanol:ammonia (10:4:1).
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2

Synthesis of Polymeric Photosensitizers

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4,4′-Azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA), METAC, and APMAA were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA) and were used without purification. Acetic acid, tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate, and N-hydroxysuccinimide were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical (Chuo-Ku, Osaka, Japan), and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (WSCD-HCl) was purchased from Peptide Institute, Inc. (Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan). HpD was purchased from MedChem Express (San Diego, CA, USA).
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3

Analytical Standards for Biochemical Assays

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Standards (carnosine, and anserine) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis,
MO). The external and internal standard (IS) used in cholesterol analysis were
cholesterol (Tokyo chemical industry, Tokyo, Japan) and 5α-cholestane
(Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA). Standard products used for retinol and
tocopherol analysis were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Other reagents and solvents were used HPLC grade. Vitamin B12standards (cyanocobalamin, purity 96.0%–102.0%) were
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo., USA) and sodium acetate trihydrate
and acetic acid were purchased from Wako (Osaka, Japan).
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4

Tempo-oxidized CNF Functionalization

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Tempo‐oxidized CNF as an aqueous suspension with 2.05wt% concentration was obtained from Moorim Paper Co. Ltd., South Korea. Citric acid (CA) (99%), sodium hypophosphite (SHP) (99%), 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) solution, potassium persulfate (99%), octadecylamine (ODA) (99%), and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) (98%) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Acetic acid was obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd., South Korea. All the chemicals were used without purification, and de‐ionized (DI) water was used throughout the experiment.
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5

Metabolic Profiling of Microbial Samples

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D-glucose, L-glutamic acid, NH4Cl, K2HPO4, MgSO4·7 H2O, CaCl2·2 H2O, MnSO4·H2O, FeCl3·6 H2O, ZnSO4·7 H2O, Na2-EDTA, CuSO4·5 H2O, and CoCl2·6 H2O were purchased from Carl Roth GmbH+Co. KG (Karlsruhe, Germany). LC/MS-grade ultra-pure water, HPLC-grade chloroform, acetic acid, H2SO4, and NH4HCO3 were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). 10-Camphorsulfonic acid and tributylamine were purchased from SigmaAldrich (MO, USA).
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6

Quantification of Urinary and Renal Sphingomyelin

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Total lipids were extracted from urine (200 μL) and kidney tissues (20–40 mg) supplemented with 10 pmol Sphingolipid Mixture II (Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, AL, USA), as mentioned previously [22 (link)]. Total lipid extracts were further hydrolyzed in 2 mL of 0.1 M potassium hydroxide (Fujifilm Wako) in chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) for 3 h at room temperature, neutralized with acetic acid (Fujifilm Wako), and partitioned according to the Folch method [23 (link)]. The lower phase was collected and dried under a stream of nitrogen. Dried lipids were dissolved in 1 mL of mobile phase A (acetonitrile/water/formic acid, 97:2:1, v/v/v, with 5 mM ammonium formate), and a 2-μL aliquot was injected into the LC-MS system using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer LCMS8060 coupled to a Nexera X2 liquid chromatography system (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan). A hydrophilic interaction chromatography-MS/MS system, as previously described, was used [24 (link)]. Each peak was integrated using the Lab Solution Insite software and quantified based on the peak areas of the standards. The sphingomyelin amount was normalized against the internal standard (SM d18:1/17:0) recovery data and expressed as pmol/creatine.
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7

Biofilm Formation Quantification Assay

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Equal volumes of FN and AN cultures adjusted to OD590 0.1 were mixed and dispensed into 24-well polystyrene tissue culture plates. Before incubation, TM or TQ was added to the culture at a final concentration of 0.1%. After anaerobic incubation at 37°C for 24 h, the amount of biofilm mass formed on the bottom of the wells was assessed using crystal violet (Wako Pure Chemical) staining. After removing the test media, the biofilms were gently washed three times with 1 ml saline and then stained with 0.4 ml crystal violet solution (0.01%) at room temperature for 1 h. Excess crystal violet solution was removed and the stained biofilm was washed with 1 ml saline before eluting the remaining dye with 1 ml acetic acid (33%, Wako Pure Chemical) and gentle agitation for 30 min at room temperature. The eluent was transferred to a 96-well plate for measurement at OD550 or OD600 to compare the biofilm mass.
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8

Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Phosphate Compounds

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Chemicals including calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, 98%), calcium chloride (CaCl2, 95.0%), diammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4, 98%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 97%), phosphoric acid (H3PO4, 85% aqueous solution), ammonia solution (25% aqueous solution), and acetic acid (99.7%), were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corp., Osaka, Japan. Pyromellitic acid (98.0%) was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Furthermore, calcium carbonate (CaCO3 (calcite), 99.5%) and hydrochloric acid solution (HCl, 1.0 mol dm−3) were purchased from Nacalai Tesque Inc., Kyoto, Japan. All chemicals were used without further purification.
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9

Fluorescent Liposome CO2 Synthesis

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Egg-derived lecithin (No. 124–05031, Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals), cholesterol (No. 034–03002, Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals), sodium hydroxide (No. 192–15985, Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals), 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (No. 21877, Sigma-Aldrich), 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) (No.318–90225, Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals), ethanol (No.057–00456, Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals), and carbon dioxide (purity > 99.95 %, Fujii Bussan) were used to synthesize fluorescent liposomes that physically load CO2. Monoethanolamine (MEA, No. 016–12453, Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals) was used to synthesize fluorescent liposomes that chemically load CO2, while 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) was used as a buffer.
Lecithin, cholesterol, sodium hydroxide, and 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (5,6-CF), were used to synthesize fluorescent liposomes using the Bangham method, with Tris-HCl (1 M, pH 7.5) as the buffer solution. Methanol (No. 131–01826, Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals) and acetic acid (No.017–00273, Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals) were used to prepare the mobile phase for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.
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10

Fabrication of Microfluidic Devices

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Hen egg-white lysozyme (>95% purity) was
purchased from Hampton Research (Aliso Viejo, CA, USA). We used lysozyme
without further purification. Sodium chloride, sodium acetate, acetic
acid, glycerol, acetone, and 2-propanol were purchased from Wako Pure
Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfuluorooctyl)silane
was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Polydimethylsiloxane
(PDMS; SILPOT 184 W/C) was purchased form Dow Corning Toray Co., Ltd.
(Tokyo, Japan). We purchased a SU-83010, a SU-83050, and a SU-8 developer
from Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Silicon wafers were obtained
from Global Top Chemical (Tokyo, Japan).
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