Parstat 2263

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments were performed using a PARSTAT 2263 advanced electrochemical analyzer (Princeton Applied Research, Oak Ridge, TN, USA) running Power CV software (Princeton Applied Research). All experiments were carried out by a three-electrode system with all-carbon electrodes as the working electrode, a platinum wire as the counter electrode, and an Ag/AgCl electrode as the reference electrode in DI water with the addition of 0.1 M potassium chloride (KCl) containing 1.0 mM potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) (K₃Fe(CN)₆, ACS reagent, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). The CV measurement were recorded within a potential range from −0.1 to +0.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl.

The PS samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Philips X'Pert diffractometer) using PANalytical Pro, equipped with a source of Cu-Kα: 1.540598 Å, voltage at 40 kV, current at 40 mA, and X'Celerator detector. The software used to collate the results was the X'Pert HighScore Plus by Rietveld refinement and simulation of crystal structures complemented by the Jmol software. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) (JEOL JSM-6490LV) measurements were obtained with 3.0-nm resolution, magnification × 5~300.000 and 0.3~30 kV accelerating voltage under high vacuum (~10⁻⁶ mbar). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements were carried out using a Asylum Research MFP 3D system in tapping mode. Spectrophotometer Cary 5000 of UV-VIS-NIR at atmospheric pressure and room temperature was used for to obtain the reflectance measurements as a function of wavelength. The cyclic voltammetry experiments (CV) were carried out through a potentiostat (Princeton Applied Research, PARSTAT 2263) using a Electrochemistry PowerSuite software for data collected. This system has 3-electrode cell with a platinum wire as the counter electrode, a Si/Al substrate as the working electrode, and an Ag/AgCl (3 MNaCl) reference electrode; a analog system reported by Bhattacharyya [31 ].