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Molecular mass marker

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Molecular mass markers are laboratory tools used to determine the molecular weights of proteins or other macromolecules in samples. They provide a reference standard for comparison during electrophoresis or chromatographic separation techniques.

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7 protocols using molecular mass marker

1

SDS-PAGE Reagent Preparation

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All chemicals were of the highest purity available and purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) or Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) unless otherwise stated. Molecular mass marker and Bio-Safe Coomassie stain for sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were purchased from BioRad (Hercules, CA).
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2

Protein Content and SDS-PAGE Analysis

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Quantification of proteins: The protein content of the venom was estimated by the Bradford method, as modified by Spector (1978) , using bovine serum albumin as the standard.
Electrophoresis-SDS PAGE: Electrophoresis was performed in 15 % polyacrylamide vertical minigels in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS-PAGE) (Laemmli, 1970) . For each run, 15 μg of venom equivalent to 11 μg of protein were used under reducing conditions with β-mercaptoethanol, and 150 V were applied for 70 min in a Mini-Protean II chamber from Bio-Rad (Richmond, CA, USA). The reference venom (pool of the four regions) and venoms from each region were run in parallel with a molecular mass marker (Bio-Rad-catalog No. 161-0304). After separation, gels were stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Densitometry was performed using myImageAnaly-sis™ Software from Thermo Fisher Scientific.
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3

Isolation and Fractionation of Nuclear Extracts from Drosophila Embryos

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Nuclear extracts from 6- to 18-h embryos were prepared as described previously [58 (link)] with small modifications. Embryos from Oregon R were collected from apple juice plates and aged 10 h at room temperature. The extraction was completed with the final concentration of KCl at 360 mM. Fractionation of the nuclear extracts derived from 6- to 22-h embryos was performed by size exclusion chromatography using Superose 6 10/330 GL column (GE Healthcare). Molecular mass markers ranging from 1,350 to 670,000 Da (Bio-Rad) were used as gel filtration standards.
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4

Characterization of BSM (Type I-S) Purity

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BSM (Type I-S) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The purity was evaluated with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) using a 12% polyacrylamide gel, as previously described [16 (link)]. Molecular mass markers were purchased from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA, USA), and the gel was stained with Coomassie blue R-250.
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5

Protein Separation by SDS-PAGE

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Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed using a 5%–20% precast e-PAGEL gel (ATTO, Tokyo, Japan). After electrophoresis, the gel was stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250. The molecular weights of the protein bands in the gel were estimated using molecular mass markers (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA).
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6

Protein Quantification and Separation

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Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed on a 12% polyacrylamide gel on a vertical mini-gel apparatus (Bio-Rad, Canada). Molecular mass markers were obtained from Bio-Rad. Proteins were stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 (Bio-Rad, Canada).
The concentration of LipY8p was determined by the Bradford assay [21 (link)], from the absorption at 595 nm, using bovine serum albumin as a standard. The optical density was measured with a UV/Vis spectrophotometer (UV70, Beckman Coulter, USA).
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7

Proteomic Analysis of Salivary Proteins

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Samples were processed and gels were run as previously described (Martin, et al., 2018 (link)). Briefly, saliva samples were defrosted and mixed with equal volumes of 0.2% trifluoroacetic acid. Samples were centrifuged at 2000 x g for 15 min at 4°C to remove cells and debris. The supernatant was then aspirated. Total protein concentration was determined by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay method (Pierce Protein Biology Products).
For gel electrophoresis, equal volumes of whole saliva were mixed with 1/3rd volume of 4x Invitrogen sample buffer with reducing agent, heated at 80°C for 10 min and resolved on a 12% SDS-PAGE (Invitrogen) with MOPS buffer. Molecular mass markers (Bio-Rad, Ref#1610394) were run simultaneously with the samples in each gel to calibrate molecular masses of each protein band. Gels were fixed in 40% methanol in 10% acetic acid for 30min followed by staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 (Bio-Rad) for 1h, then destained in 10% acetic acid according to published protocols (Beeley, et al., 1991 (link); Sarni-Manchado, Cheynier, & Moutounet, 1998 ). Bands were captured using Bio-Rad digital imager ChemiDoc™MP, or Azure c400 Gel Imaging System. Densitometric analysis was performed using Image Lab 5.0+ Software (Bio-Rad) or Azurespot Analysis Software (Azure Biosystems).
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