Cocaine HCl and d-amphetamine sulfate were provided by the Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Drug Abuse (Rockville, MD, USA). (−)-quinpirole HCl, pramipexole dihydrochloride, and apomorphine HCl were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Sumanirole maleate was purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Minneapolis, MN). All drugs were dissolved in physiologic saline, and administered IP in a volume of 10 ml/kg.
Apomorphine hcl
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Apomorphine HCl is a chemical compound produced by Merck Group for use in laboratory research and development. It is a white to off-white crystalline powder that is soluble in water. Apomorphine HCl is a dopamine receptor agonist, acting primarily on the D1 and D2 receptors. This compound is often utilized in studies related to Parkinson's disease, addiction, and other neurological conditions.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
L dopa, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Haloperidol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Gbr12909, by Bio-Techne (2 mentions)
Decynium 22 d22, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Desipramine hcl, by Sandoz (2 mentions)
High capacity cdna reverse transcription kit, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Taqman gene expression assay, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Apomorphine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Pramipexole dihydrochloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Quinpirole hcl, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sumanirole maleate, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Methyllycaconitine citrate mla, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Mk 801 maleate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Tropolone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
L deprenyl hcl, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Nortriptyline hcl, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Taqman universal pcr master mix, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
E z n a total rna kit 1, by Omega Bio-Tek (1 mentions)
Taqman gene expression master mix, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Corticosterone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
7 protocols using apomorphine hcl
1
Pharmacological Evaluation of Dopamine Agonists
2
Pharmacological Interventions in Rodent Models
3
NHP Neurological Behavior Assessment
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An NHP-specific NRS was used to score motor behaviors. Using methods previously described (McBride et al., 2011 (link)), trained research staff who were blind to experimental treatment groups observed each monkey for 30–45 min in their home environment. Each behavioral phenotype on the NRS was scored between 0 and 3, with a score of 0 representing normal behavior and a score of 3 representing severely abnormal behavior (see Supplementary file 3 for a list of each behavior scored). Monkeys were rated at baseline, prior to surgery, and at each month post-surgery, with the addition of a 2-week post-surgery timepoint. Ratings were conducted during the same time of day, between 12 pm and 4 pm . Additionally, we rated the animals using the NRS both prior to, and for 45 min following intra-muscular administration of the dopamine agonist, Apomorphine HCl (0.3 mg/kg, Sigma). Apomorphine ratings were conducted at baseline and 3-, 6-, 9-,14-, and 20-month post-surgery, but not at the 30-month timepoint.
4
Dopaminergic Neurotransmission Assay
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All cell culture reagents except fetal bovine serum (FBS, Cambrex IEP GmbH (Wiesbaden, Germany)) were obtained from Gibco, Invitrogen (Paisley, UK). [3H]-dopamine (2220 GBq/mmol) was purchased from Perkin Elmer (Hopkinton, MA, USA), an E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit I from Omega Bio-Tek (Norcross, GA, USA), and a High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit, TaqMan Gene Expression Assays and TaqMan® Universal PCR Master Mix from Applied Biosystems (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Decynium-22 (D22), nortriptyline HCl, apomorphine HCl, haloperidol, L-DOPA, L-deprenyl HCl and tropolone were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and desipramine HCl was obtained from Sandoz (Cham, Switzerland). GBR12909 was obtained from Tocris (Bristol, UK).
5
Dopamine Transporter Regulation Assay
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All tissue culture reagents, except fetal bovine serum, which was from Cambrex IEP GmbH (Wiesbaden, Germany), were obtained from Gibco Invitrogen (Paisley, Scotland, UK). [3H]-DA (2220 GBq/mmol) was purchased from Perkin Elmer (Waltham, MA, USA). The E.Z.N.A.® HP Total RNA Kit was from Omega Bio-tek (Norcross, GA, USA), and the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit, TaqMan Gene Expression Assays, and TaqMan® Gene Expression Master Mix were from Applied Biosystems (Carlsbad, CA, USA). GBR12909 was from Tocris (Bristol, UK), and decynium 22 (D22), corticosterone, L-DOPA, haloperidol, and apomorphine HCl were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Nortriptyline HCl, desipramine HCl, and amitriptyline HCl were purchased from Sandoz (Cham, Switzerland). The CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS) was obtained from Promega (Madison, WI, USA).
6
Synthetic Cannabinoid JWH-210 Experimental Protocol
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The synthetic cannabinoid JWH-210 (Figure S1 ) was purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). METH hydrochloride (HCl), rimonabant HCl, apomorphine HCl, AM630 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and were dissolved in saline immediately prior to the experiments. JWH-210 was dissolved in vehicle (saline containing 5% Tween 80 and 5% DMSO), (R)-(+)-limonene (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in saline containing 4% Tween 80, and apomorphine was dissolved in saline containing 0.1% ascorbic acid immediately prior to use. Other chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) unless otherwise noted.
7
Modeling Parkinson's Disease Dyskinesia
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The rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (purchased from the Chinese domestic market) 50 mg/kg (IP), positioned in a stereotaxic frame and injected 6-OHDA (Sigma Aldrich) into the medial forebrain bundle at the following coordinates relative to bregma and dural surface, in mm: tooth bar position -3.3, AP = -1.8, ML = -2, DV = -8.6 (18ug 6-OHDA). Two weeks after surgery the animals were injected apomorphine HCl (Sigma Aldrich, given IP) and contralateral full body turns were recorded over 30 minutes. Only rats with rotational scores ≥180 turns/30 minutes were selected for the next experimental stage. To generate L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, one day after the apomorphine-induced rotation test the rats were administered daily 6 mg/kg L-DOPA (Sigma Aldrich) and 15 mg/kg benserazide HCl (purchased from the Chinese domestic market), hereafter denoted as L-DOPA, for 21 days. Thereafter, the rats that had not developed dyskinesia were excluded from the study, and the rats with total axial, limb, orolingual and locomotive abnormal involuntary movement (AIM) scores ≥28 points/120 minutes were kept on a treatment regimen of at least two injections of L-DOPA per week to maintain stable AIM scores. The rats with stable AIM scores were allocated to groups balanced with respect to AIM severity and treated with the drugs or drug combinations as described in the figure legends.
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