D max c 3

The FT-IR spectrum was registered by a Shimadzu-8400S (Japan) spectrometer in the wavenumber range of 400–4000 cm⁻¹ using KBr pellets. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns were analyzed by a Rigaku D/Max C III diffractometer using nickel-filtered Cu Kα radiation (λ = 40 1.5406). Raman spectra of the samples were recorded using a Raman microscope (Model: SENTERRA 2009, Germany) with a laser 785 nm. The UV-visible absorption spectra of samples were obtained on a (Cary 100, VARIAN) spectrophotometer. The morphology and elemental analysis of samples were observed using a scanning electron microscopy system (SEM, MIRA3 TESCAN) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was conducted on a Philips CM120 microscope at the accelerating voltage of 200 kV. BET measurements were performed by N₂ adsorption isotherm with the BET method (Micro metrics PHS-1020, made in Japan). VSM measurements were determined using a vibrating magnetometer MDKFD (Daneshpajooh Co., Kashan, Iran) with a high magnetic field of 10 kOe. Zeta potential measurements were obtained by using a Malvern zeta meter system (Malvern, UK) equipped with a standard 628 nm laser.

The GR/β-CD composite was characterized as follows: transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Tecnai G2 F20 S-TWIN, FEI) images were used to characterize the morphology and microstructure of GR/β-CD; UV-vis pattern was achieved using a UV-vis spectrophotometer (Cary 500 scan spectrophotometers, Varian); X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained on a Rigaku D-max C III (monochromatic Cu radiation); Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra (4000–400 cm⁻¹) were performed using a Nexus 670 FT-IR spectrometer (Thermo Nicolet, Madison) equipped with a KBr beam splitter (KBr, FT-IR grade).

We used an automatic ultrasonic generator device (Sonicator 3000; Bandeline, MS 72, Germany), equipped with a converter/transducer and titanium oscillator (horn), 12.5 mm in diameter, operating at 20 kHz with a maximum power output of 400 W for ultrasonic irradiation. For the hydrothermal method, the reactions were carried out in the steel autoclave with a diameter of 25 cm. The XRD patterns of products were recorded with a Rigaku D-max C III, X-ray diffractometer using Ni-filtered Cu-Ka radiation. For the investigation of morphological properties and particle size distribution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained with a Philips XL-30 ESEM equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) under the acceleration voltage of 100kv. The transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM1200EX, JEOL). The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra were recorded by a Shimadzu Varian 4300 spectrophotometer in KBr pellets in the range of 400–4000 cm⁻¹. The surface area, porosity, pore size and volume properties of the nanostructure were studied by a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms of the samples were recorded by using Belsorp II-BEL equipment (BEL Japan Inc., Osaka, Japan). Gram-positive and four Gram-negative standard bacterial strains were purchased from the Iranian Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.