Flurazepam

Harlan 8640 Teklad 22/5 rodent diets were used for both control and 0.7% adenine supplemented diets (Madison, WI). Indoxyl sulfate was obtained from gold biotechnology (Olivette, MO). P-cresyl glucuronide and equol 7-glucuronide were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, ON, Canada) and β-glucuronidase from Helix pomatia (G-7051), pyrocatechol, p-cresol and 4-ethylphenol were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Flurazepam was purchased from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX). Isatin was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA). P-cresyl sulfate, phenyl sulfate and 4-ethyl phenyl sulfate were synthesized as previously described58 (link). AST-120 was a kind gift from the Kureha Corporation (Tokyo, Japan).

Diazepam, norDiazepam, delorazepam, 7-aminoclonazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, alprazolam, α-hydroxyalprazolam, 2-hydroxyethylflurazepam, bromazepam, clonazolam, desalkylflurazepam, etizolam, flurazepam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, midazolam, phenazepam, diclazepam, Diazepam-D5, 7-aminoclonazepam-D4, and alprazolam-D5 were obtained from Cerilliant Corporation (Merck, Milan, Italy); flualprazolam, flubromazolam, and flubromazepam were purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (LGC standards, Milan, Italy); oxazepam, triazolam, and temazepam salts were purchased from Formenti (Formenti SPA, Milan, Italy); bentazepam methanolic solution, at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, was kindly donated from Italian Early Warning System, Italian Institute of Health (ISS).
Formic acid for mass spectrometry was obtained from Merck (Milan, Italy). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Carlo Erba SRL (Milan, Italy). N-Hexane and ethyl acetate were purchased from Merck (Milan, Italy). β-glucuronidase from Escherichia Coli was purchased from Merck (Milan, Italy).