plate was coated with 6 × 109 pfu GV per well (in
TBS, pH 8) and incubated overnight at 4 °C. Plates coated with
2% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) were used as negative controls.
The next day, the plates were blocked with 2% (w/v) BSA at room temperature
for 1 h, shaking at 800 rpm. The plates were then washed with 0.1%
TBST (3 × 1 min) before adding 20 μL of amplified phage
from each biopanning cycle to each well in 5% (w/v) BSA. After further
incubation at room temperature for 1 h, shaking at 800 rpm, the plates
were washed with 0.5% TBST (3 × 5 min) before adding 100 μL
of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-M13 monoclonal antibody
(Abcam ab50370, diluted 1:500) and incubating at room temperature
for 1 h, shaking at 800 rpm. After further washes in 0.5% TBST (3
× 5 min), we added 100 μL of the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)
substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific) to each well. The plates were
incubated in the dark for 10 min, and the absorbance was measured
at 370 nm using an Infinite 200 Rx plate reader (Tecan Life Sciences)
with 25 flashes in 96-well flat-bottom plate mode.