The physicochemical parameters of temperature (°C), conductivity (uS/cm), pH, and turbidity (NTU) were measured for each sample using an Orion 4-star pH/conductivity meter (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Fecal coliform and E. coli were measured using the 5-tube most probable number (MPN) method [38 ]. Briefly, each diluted water sample was first inoculated into lauryl tryptose broth and incubated at 35°C for 48 h. Cultures that generated gas were transferred into both brilliant green bile broth (Oxoid, Hampshire, UK) and E. coli broth (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) to test for fecal coliform and E. coli. After incubation, positive tubes were counted and assessed using MPN tables.
Orion 4 star ph conductivity meter
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
The Orion 4-Star pH/conductivity meter is a laboratory instrument that can measure both pH and conductivity. It provides accurate and reliable measurements for these parameters.
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3 protocols using orion 4 star ph conductivity meter
1
Water Quality Assessment Protocol
2
Water Quality Analysis Methods
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Standard methods were used during the analysis of basic water quality parameters. The temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity were monitored using an Orion 4-Star pH/conductivity meter (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA). COD samples were analysed and volatile solids (VS) of the primary effluent were determined within three days after sample collection. All samples were stored at 4 ºC in the dark.
3
Comprehensive Water Quality Analysis
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Key water quality parameters of the primary effluent were measured according to standard methods. COD was measured using a Hach DRB200 COD Reactor and Hach DR3900 spectrophotometer (program number 435 COD HR) following the US-EPA Standard Method 5220. Adequate dilutions and adjustments were made to minimise chloride interference during sample measurements. A Shimadzu analyzer (TOC-V CSH ) was used to determine TOC concentration. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) system (ICP-OES 710, Agilent, Australia) was used to determine the sodium ion concentration in the samples. Temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity were measured using an Orion 4-Star pH/conductivity meter (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA).
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